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physiological psychology > chapter 3: structure of the nervous system > Flashcards

chapter 3: structure of the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

neuraxis

A

imaginary line drawn through the CNS from the bottom of the bottom of the spinal cord to the front of the brain

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2
Q

anterior/posterior

A

front/back

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3
Q

rostral/caudal

A

toward nose and mouth / toward tail

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4
Q

dorsal/ventral

A

top of the head and back / front of the head and front of the body

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5
Q

medial/lateral

A

toward center / toward sides

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6
Q

ipsilateral/contralateral

A

same side / opposite sides

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7
Q

coronal anatomical plane

A

divides brain into front and back

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8
Q

horizontal anatomical plane

A

divides brain into top and bottom

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9
Q

sagittal anatomical plane

A

divides brain into left and right

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10
Q

meninges

A

protective sheath surrounding the brain and spinal cord

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11
Q

dura mater

A

outer layer of the meninges that is thick and flexible but not stretchy

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12
Q

arachnoid

A

middle layer of the meninges that is soft, web-like, and spongy

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13
Q

pia mater

A

inner layer of the meninges that is thin and contains small blood vessels

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14
Q

subarachnoid space

A

space between the arachnoid and pia mater layers that contains cerebrospinal fluid

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15
Q

how many ventricles are in the brain?

A

4

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16
Q

lateral ventricles

A

two identical c-shaped ventricles located in each hemisphere of the forebrain that wrap around the third ventricle

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17
Q

third ventricle

A

ventricle in the forebrain that helps divide the brain into symmetrical halves

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18
Q

fourth ventricle

A

ventricle closer to the cerebellum in the hindbrain that connects to the third ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct which is located in the midbrain

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19
Q

choroid plexus

A

special tissue with a rich blood supply that extends into all four ventricles and produces cerebrospinal fluid

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20
Q

why are ventricles so important regarding cerebrospinal fluid?

A

the brain is fully immersed in CSF and the ventricles are where it is produced

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21
Q

how does CSF generally flow?

A

CSF is produced in all ventricles but starts in the lateral ventricle, then leaves the fourth ventricle through gaps in the subarachnoid space and is reabsorbed into the blood supply

22
Q

what is the purpose of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

protects the brain from damage due to sudden head movements

23
Q

obstructive hydrocephalus

A

blockage of normal CSF flow that increases pressure on the ventricles causing the ventricular walls to expand, can be fatal

24
Q

what are the three major divisions of the brain?

A

forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

25
Q

telencephalon

A

subdivision of the forebrain that contains most of the cerebral cortex, the basal ganglia, and the limbic system

26
Q

cerebral cortex

A

the small (sulci) and large (fissures) grooves and bulges (gyri) on the brain that increase the surface area

27
Q

what are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex?

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes

28
Q

what is the majority of the brain made up of?

A

gray matter which consists of myelinated axons

29
Q

motor cortex

A

contains the premotor and motor association cortex

30
Q

premotor cortex (motor association cortex)

A

directly controls movement

31
Q

primary motor cortex

A

processes sensory information from the PNS

32
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

critical to our executive function, planning, decision making

33
Q

sensory cortex

A

located in the parietal lobe, contains the primary visual, auditory, and somatosensory cortexes

34
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

receives sensory information from the body (except for smell and taste) and sends it to the contralateral primary sensory cortex

35
Q

lateralization

A

the brain hemispheres both have their own prominent features

36
Q

functions of the left hemisphere

A

analysis of information, logic, recognition of serial events, sequences of behavior, parts that make up a whole

37
Q

functions of the right hemisphere

A

synthesis of information, creativity, putting events together to be perceived as a whole

38
Q

corpus callosum

A

bundle of axons that connects the two hemispheres of the brain and facilitates communication between them

39
Q

“split brain” procedure

A

in extreme medical cases such as sever epilepsy, the corpus callosum is removed and the only thing left connecting the two hemispheres is the optic chiasm

40
Q

limbic system

A

medial edge of the cerebral hemispheres that contains the hippocampus and the amygdala and is responsible for emotional responses

41
Q

fornix

A

a bundle of axons connecting the hippocampus and other areas of the brain including the hypothalamus

42
Q

basal ganglia

A

collection of nuclei that includes the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus, involved in the control of movement

43
Q

diencephalon

A

subdivision of the forebrain between the telencephalon and the mesencephalon that surrounds the third ventricle and includes the thalamus and hypothalamus

44
Q

thalamus

A

a sensory relay station that sends most of its neural input to the cerebral cortex

45
Q

what are the nuclei of the thalamus and what kind of sensory input do they receive?

A

lateral geniculate nucleus receives visual input, medial geniculate nucleus receives auditory input, and ventrolateral nucleus doesn’t receive sensory input

46
Q

how are the thalamus lobes connected?

A

a bridge of gray matter called the massa intermedia

47
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system through the pituitary gland,

48
Q

what are the two pituitary glands and what do they control?

A

anterior pituitary gland controls the endocrine glands and release of sex hormones, posterior pituitary gland controls the release of oxytocin and vasopressin

49
Q

mesencephalon

A

subdivision of the forebrain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct and contains the tectum and tegmentum

50
Q

tectum

A

contains the superior colliculi which is important for auditory stimuli and the inferior colliculi which is important for visual stimuli and controls visual reflexes and reactions to moving stimuli

physiological psychology (3 decks)

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