chapter 1: introduction Flashcards

foundations of behavioral neuroscience, natural selection and evolution, ethical issues in research, careers in neuroscience

1
Q

what is behavior?

A

a combination of perceived stimuli and movement

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2
Q

generalization

A

explanations of examples of general laws that are revealed through experiments

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3
Q

reduction

A

explanations of complex phenomena in a simpler manner

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4
Q

what is the goal of research in behavioral neuroscience?

A

to understand the function of a given behavior and how it relates to other physiological factors

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5
Q

where was the original seat of thought and emotion thought to be and why?

A

the heart because its movement was necessary for life in response to varying emotions

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6
Q

hippocrates

A

believed the brain was responsible for thought and emotion

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7
Q

what are the two major perspectives of the mind-body question?

A

monism and dualism

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8
Q

monism

A

the body and mind are both just matter and energy, and the mind is a product of the nervous system

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9
Q

dualism

A

the mind is a nonphysical entity, separate from the brain

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10
Q

rené descartes

A

-dualist who believed that the mind and the brain were linked through the pineal gland
-that the brain contains hollow chambers called ventricles filled with pressurized fluid, he believed the mind controlled the pineal gland like a joystick that pushed ventricles in the direction of a specific muscle, inflating it and causing it to move
-viewed the body as a machine with reflexes that did not require participation of the mind

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11
Q

luigi galvani

A

-monist who electrically stimulated frog legs which led to muscle contraction
-discovered that nerves are what make movement happen

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12
Q

johannes muller

A

developed the doctrine of specific nerve energies

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13
Q

doctrine of specific nerve energies

A

all nerves send electrical impulses, but the type is dependent on the stimuli being perceived; the brain is like a walkie talkie with different channels for each type of stimuli (auditory, visual, etc.)

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14
Q

experimental ablation

A

removing parts of the brain to see what behavioral function is lost

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15
Q

pierre fluorens

A

performed experimental ablations on animals and discovered the brain regions responsible for heart rate, breathing, purposeful movements, and visual/auditory reflexes

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16
Q

paul broca

A

observed behavioral impairments amongst stroke victims

17
Q

broca’s area

A

portion of the cerebral cortex on the frontal left side responsible for speech production

18
Q

jan purkinje

A

discovered purkinje fibers by processing and staining brain tissue of sheep

19
Q

what are purkinje fibers responsible for?

A

heart contractions

20
Q

santiago ramon y cajal

A

-developed the golgi stain to examine the individual structure of neurons in the brain
-discovered that there are billions of neurons in the nervous system
-received the nobel prize in 1906

21
Q

what are the four f’s of natural selection?

A

fight, flee, feed, f*ck

22
Q

how are new genetic traits most often brought about?

A

genetic mutations

23
Q

can behaviors themselves be inherited?

A

no, but the brain structure which causes them can

24
Q

what is most correlated with IQ: brain size or quantity of neurons?

A

quantity of neurons in the brain available for executive functions

25
neoteny
the slowing of brain development to allow for more adaptability (plasticity)
26
how many neurons are babies born with approximately?
86 billion
27
synaptic pruning
as we age, neurons and synapses that are not needed are removed
28
what does any institution with federal funding for animal research require?
an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) protocol
29
what are the two main requirements to be able to do research on animals?
must be both humane (good health, sanitation, and comfort while minimizing suffering) and worthwhile
30
what must human research be in compliance with and what does it require?
the Institutional Review Board (IRB), which requires informed consent and protections of participants