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International Business > Chapter 3: Sociocultural Forces > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Sociocultural Forces Flashcards

1
Q

T or F: When adjusting to other cultures, the first step managers can take is to compare their current culture to another to assess its value.

A

False

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2
Q

T or F: Understanding how religion affects cultural attitudes is important for marketing professionals to know.

A

True

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3
Q

Buddhism is based on the teachings of _________ ________.

A

Siddharta Guatama

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4
Q

True or False: Hofstede is primarily concerned with social values and the dimensions he identified that help parents understand their children.

A

False

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5
Q

T or F: Feminine cultures in Hofstede’s dimensions care about relationships and are not focused on business success.

A

False

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6
Q

Culture is a group of shared worldviews, social rules, and interpersonal dynamics that is:
a. chosen consciously by each group to set themselves apart from other groups
b. used as a way to separate economic classes
c. learned, interrelated, and shared
d. a collection of noble pursuits including opera, art, ballet, and classical music.

A

c. learned, interrelated, shared

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7
Q

Molly has lived in Ireland her entire life and believes that the only way to do things is the “Irish way”. This belief is an example of:
a. stereotyping
b. cultural adaptation
c. social hierarchy
d. ethnocentrism

A

d. ethnocentrism

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8
Q

Two basic ways to understand the role of leadership are to provide direction for a collection of individuals or to:
a. limit the freedom of individual group members
b. integrate a group
c. link top management with workers
d. organize workers for production

A

b. integrate a group

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9
Q

Material culture includes:
a. only things that are used in production processes
b. the makers of things but not those who use them
c. all human-made objects
d. all textiles and fabrics

A

c. all human-made objects

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10
Q

The most obvious cultural distinction a company must take into account when deciding to undertake international business is:
a. religion
b. language
c. aesthetics
d. finance

A

b. language

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11
Q

the sum total of the beliefs, rules, techniques, institutions, and artifacts that characterize human populations.

A

culture

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12
Q

the belief that your own culture is superior to other cultures. (this is something you have to guard against)

A

ethnocentricity

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13
Q

T or F: We are born with a culture.

A

False; culture is learned

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14
Q

T or F: Culture is shared, patterned, and mutually constructed through social interaction.

A

True

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15
Q

T or F: Culture defines the boundaries of different groups.

A

True

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16
Q

Culture affects all business functions. What five functions we talked about that culture affects?

A
  1. Marketing
  2. Human Resources
  3. Production and Procurement
  4. Accounting and Finance
  5. Preferred Leadership Styles
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17
Q

How does culture affect marketing? (2 things listed)

A
  • Differences in values across markets often require different marketing mixes to reach potential customers.
  • Companies must be sensitive to potential cultural issues related to product design, advertising, and pricing.
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18
Q

How does culture affect human resources? (2 things listed)

A
  • It plays key roles in motivating and evaluating employees.
  • The role of a leader is very different around the world (in some parts of the world, the role of the leader is absolute (don’t ask questions, do as they say)).
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19
Q

How does culture affect production and procurement? (3 things)

A
  • Values and attitudes toward change can influence acceptance of new production methods (in some parts of the world, people are very resistant to change).
  • Affects plant layout: linear assembly line vs. more group-oriented patterns.
  • Norms structure resources acquisition: using social relationships or reliance on price.
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20
Q

How does culture affect accounting and finance?

A
  • Accounting controls directly relate to assumptions about the basic nature of people:
    - Tight controls = suggest lack of trust
    -Loose controls = suggest people act honestly even without close monitoring.
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21
Q

T or F: In the US, we like to decentralize decision making.

A

True

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22
Q

How does culture affect preferred leadership styles?

A
  • Desired leadership traits vary by culture (is it hierarchical? is it family-based?)
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23
Q

What are 4 ways culture shows itself?

A
  1. Aesthetics
  2. Religion
  3. Language
  4. Gift Giving in Business
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24
Q

Refers to a culture’s sense of beauty and good taste; expressed through art, drama, music, folklore, dance, etc; also applies to ideas about body and physical beauty

A

Aesthetics

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25
Q

T or F: It is important to know basic tenets of religions represented in your business markets.

A

True

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26
Q

What are the 5 major world religions?

A
  1. Christianity
  2. Islam
  3. Hinduism
  4. Buddhism
  5. Judaism
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27
Q

What has become the “language of commerce”?

A

English

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28
Q

What is Hall’s cultural framework called?

A

Hall’s High and Low Context

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29
Q

In a high/low context country: it matters more about the environment; who says what at meetings.

A

In a high context country

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30
Q

T or F: In a low context country, there is less verbally explicit communication and less written/formal information

A

False; that applies to a HIGH context country

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31
Q

T or F: In a high context country, there is more internalized understandings of what is communicated.

A

True

32
Q

High or low context country: Long-term relationships

A

High

33
Q

High or low context country: rule oriented, people play by external rules

A

low

34
Q

High or low context country: Knowledge is situational, relational

A

High

35
Q

High or low context country: Decisions and activities focus around personal face-to-face relationships, often around a central authority person.

A

High

36
Q

What’s an example of a high context country?

A

Arab countries

37
Q

What’s an example of a low context country?

A

Switzerland, Germany

38
Q

In a (low/high) context country, Everything is in writing, it doesn’t matter who says what, the contract itself matters most.

A

low

39
Q

High or low context country: More knowledge is codified, public, external, and accessible

A

low

40
Q

High or low context country: More interpersonal connections of shorter duration

A

Low

41
Q

In a low context country, knowledge is more often _________.

A

transferable

42
Q

High or low context country: Task-centered; decisions and activities focus around what needs to be done; division of responsibilities.

A

low

43
Q

What are the names of the two scientists who studied cultures and tried to classify the cultures in dimensions?

A

Hoftstede and Trompenaars

44
Q

Hofstede’s Six Dimensions are concerned primarily with _____ values.

A

work

45
Q

What are Hoftstede’s Six Dimensions?

A
  1. Individualism-collectivism dimension
  2. Power distance
  3. Uncertainty avoidance
  4. Masculinity-femininity dimension
  5. Indulgence vs. restraint
  6. Pragmatic vs. normative dimension
46
Q

contradictions between culture’s values and what is actually observed.

A

cultural paradox

47
Q

What are the 6 rules of thumb for managers when doing business across cultures?

A
  1. Be prepared when you approach a foreign market
  2. Slow down
  3. Establish trust
  4. Understand the importance of language
  5. Respect the culture
  6. Understand the components of culture– surface and deep
48
Q

Which of Hoftstede’s Six Dimensions does this describe:
measures degree to which people in the culture are integrated into groups

A

Individualism-collectivism dimension

49
Q

People in highly-(collectivistic/individualistic) cultures belong to strong, cohesive groups that look after them in exchange for loyalty. (ex: India or Asia)

A

collectivistic

50
Q

People in highly-(collectivistic/individualistic) cultures are more loosely connected and look after themselves and their immediate family. (ex: USA)

A

individualistic

51
Q

Which of Hoftstede’s Six Dimensions does this describe:
extent to which members of a society expect power to be distributed unequally and accept it; suggests that a society’s level of inequality is endorsed by followers as well as by leaders.

A

power distance

52
Q

In (small/large)-power-distance societies, seniority, age, rank, and title are important; formality is emphasized. (ex: India)

A

large

53
Q

In (small/large)-power-distance environments, a consultative style of leadership predominates; informality tends to be the norm. (ex: US, Scandinavia)

A

small

54
Q

Which of Hoftstede’s Six Dimensions does this describe: describes a society’s level of comfort with uncertainty.

A

Uncertainty Avoidance

55
Q

(Strong/weak) uncertainty avoidance cultures resist change; they expect clear procedures and preserve the status quo. (ex: Mexico or Saudi Arabia)

A

Strong

56
Q

(Strong/weak) uncertainty avoidance culture sees conflict as having positive aspects; they expect innovation, encourage risk taking and reward change. (U.S. are risk-takers)

A

Weak

57
Q

Which of Hoftstede’s Six Dimensions does this describe: describes the distribution of roles between the sexes; addresses the gap between men’s and women’s roles in a culture.

A

Masculinity-femininity dimension

58
Q

Masculinity-femininity dimension: In _______ cultures, quality of work life is important; in _________ cultures, economic growth is central and business performance is the primary goal.

A

feminine; masculine

59
Q

Which of Hoftstede’s Six Dimensions does this describe: describes a culture’s tendency either to allow relatively free gratification of human desires or suppress human drives through strict social norms.

A

Indulgence vs. restraint

60
Q

In (indulgent/restraining) cultures, people believe they have personal control over their lives. (ex: US takes on loans to get the stuff they want now rather than wait to get it when they have the money to pay for it)

A

indulgent

61
Q

In (indulgent/restraining) cultures, much more energy is dedicated to establishing order and structure.

A

restraining

62
Q

Which of Hoftstede’s Six Dimensions does this describe:
is a measure of how people deal with the unexplainable in their lives.

A

Pragmatic vs. normative dimension

63
Q

In (pragmatic/normative) societies: there is a strong desire to explain and to know the absolute Truth. Respect for tradition, a low propensity to save, and a focus on quick results.

A

normative

64
Q

A (pragmatic/normative) orientation suggests people not concerned with understanding so much because life as a complex process is a given

A

pragmatic

65
Q

What are Trompenaar’s Seven Dimensions?

A
  1. Universalism vs. particularism
  2. Individualism vs. communitarianism
  3. Neutral vs. affective (unemotional vs. emotional)
  4. Specific vs. diffuse
  5. Achievement vs. ascription
  6. Time
  7. Internal vs. external
66
Q

Which of Trompenaar’s Seven Dimensions does this describe:
addresses whether rules or relationships regulate behaviors.

A

universalism vs. particularism

67
Q
  • People in (universalist/particularist) cultures apply rules across the board, to all people, in all situations.
  • People in (universalist/particularist) cultures consider context before they apply the rule.
A

universalist;particularist

68
Q

Which of Trompenaar’s Seven Dimensions does this describe:
whether people plan their actions with reference to individual benefits or group benefits.

A

Individualism vs. communitarianism

69
Q

People in (neutral/affective) cultures tend to withhold emotional expression, while people in (neutral/affective) cultures are much more expressive.

A

neutral;affective

70
Q

Which of Trompenaar’s Seven Dimensions does this describe:
distinguishes among cultures based on their differentiation between private life and public or work life.

A

specific vs. diffuse

71
Q

Which of Trompenaar’s Seven Dimensions does this describe: considers what a person does contrasted with who a person is.

A

Achievement vs. ascription

72
Q
  • (Ascription/achievement) cultures consider who a person is in terms of family lineage, age, or other attributes.
  • (Ascription/achievement) cultures are meritocracies that reward what you do.
A

ascription; achievement

73
Q

What are the two aspects of Trompenaar’s “Time” Dimension?

A
  1. Where the primary focus is (past, present, and future) as a lens to view the present.
  2. Whether actions are sequential (monochronic) or synchronous (polychronic).
74
Q

Which of Trompenaar’s Seven Dimensions does this describe:
reflects attitude toward controlling nature.

A

internal vs. external

75
Q
  • In (external/internal) direction cultures, people believe they control nature.
  • In (external/internal) direction cultures, people believe the natural world controls them, and they need to work with their environment.
A

internal; external

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