Chapter 3- Society And Culture In Provincial America Flashcards

0
Q

Birth and death rates

A
  • all immigrants experienced inadequate food, frequent epidemics and early death
  • New England pop had those who survived infancy living until 70iish because of cool climates, disease free environment, clean water and no population center to breed epidemics
  • South improved slower, expected to live about 40, 1:4 children died in infancy, half died before 20, most children grew up with one parent.
  • pop growth throughout was due to sex ratios becoming more equal
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1
Q

Indentured system

A
  • young men and women bound themselves to masters for about 4-5 years and in return were given a voyage to the new world, food and shelter
  • in the end, males were supposed to receive benefits, but were left unprepared and unequipped
  • most Chesapeake servants were women
  • women tended to marry at the end of servitude
  • forced servants: prisoners, war prisoners, undesirable (orphans, paupers, etc), dangerous, kidnapped or impressed.
  • system proved a way to fix labor shortage because Natives were not a service work force
  • some could prove themselves after servitude, but many men were left jobless and landless, roaming
  • avoided the South because of the arduous work
  • Chesapeake still saw it as unfit
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2
Q

Midwives

A
  • assisted women in childbirth
  • women used to establish themselves in the medical field without any proper training
  • urged patients to use herbs and other remedies
  • based off of assumptions and not real science
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3
Q

Patriarchal society

A
  • because of the young women marrying, the traditional male centered society was often undermined
  • premarital sexual relationships were frequent within indentured servants
  • women bore the children and died from the excessive amounts of birth in a short amount of time
  • women chose the men and outlived them
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4
Q

Middle passage

A
  • Africans journey to America

- were chained for weeks, little food or water, rape was high, packed extremely tightly, death was high

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5
Q

Royal African Company of England

A
  • kept the trade small because the monopoly maintained the trade from the colonies, and kept the prices high and supplies low
  • turning point of African pop was when it broke in mid 1690s
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6
Q

Slave codes

A
  • in the early 1700s, colonists began to pass the codes
  • limited the rights of blacks in law and ensuring almost absolute authority to white masters
  • only color determine if you were bound by slave codes
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7
Q

Palatinate Germans

A
  • aka the Rhineland of southwestern Germany
  • cuz they were close to France, where King Louis XIV waged wars with them, they were exposed to slaughter and ruin
  • winter if 1708-1709 made them seek refuge in America, like NY
  • the PA colony warmly welcome them
  • most immigrant Germans went to the Quaker colony and NC
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8
Q

Scoth-Irish

A
  • most numerous of the newcomers
  • Scottish Presbyterians of northern Ireland of Ulster
  • Propered despite the barren soil and struggle to suppress the Catholic natives
  • Parliament prohibited Ulster to export to England the goods that became its basis, like wool
  • also outlawed Presbyterian religion and forced conformity to Anglican church
  • pushed to the outskirts of Euro settlement where they had no regard for who claimed the land
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9
Q

Huguenots

A
  • French Calvinists
  • Edict of Nantes: 1598, allowed them to become a state within Roman Catholic France—-1685, revoked
  • about 300,000 left and a few went to English colonies in North America
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10
Q

Iron Act of 1750

A
  • restricted metal processing in the colonies

- Great Britain grew industrailly because of it

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11
Q

Catholics

A
  • hated by Protestants
  • viewed as military and commercial rivals, and agents of Rome (New France/ Canada)
  • too few to cause serious conflict
  • mainly in MD
  • after 1691, forbidden to hold religious services except in private houses
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12
Q

Triangular trade

A
  • Intricate network of trade between North America colonies with England, Europe, and the west coast of Africa
  • merchants carried rum from New England to Africa
  • traded goods for slaves, who were brought over to the West Indies
  • slaves exchanged for molasses and sugar, which were brought back to New England
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13
Q

Plantation economy

A
  • the first plantations were relatively small with about 30 workers
  • plantation economy was a precarious one
  • self contained communities with gender roles and masters controlled their lives
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14
Q

Consumerism

A
  • -A new appetite for new opportunities was created by prosperity and commercialism in British America.
  • An increase in social classes was prominent through the goods bought.
  • Merchants soon began to advertise in newspapers.
  • Luxuries were now necessities and became a ready good.
  • The 18th century cities planned their futures, so they would be elegant with parks and squares.
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15
Q

Plantation slavery

A
  • forced to do work
  • sexual liaisons were frequent
  • Africans mixed the cultures and languages to be their own
  • slaves attempted at families even for their terrible and often moving situations
  • many were field hands but larger plantations taught them hand skills
16
Q

Gullah

A
  • a hybrid of English and African tongues

- allowed to connect with their African ancestry but speak without the masters knowing what they were saying

17
Q

Stono Rebellion

A
  • SC about 1739
  • most important early slave revolt
  • 100 Africans rose up, seized weapons, killed several whites and attempted to escape south to Florida
  • whites ended the uprising and killed most of the participants
18
Q

Primogeniture

A
  • English system in which the passing of all inherited property was to the first born son
  • instead a father divided up his land between all sons
19
Q

Puritan community

A
  • Each new settlement drew up a “covenant” to bind all residents religiously.
  • It was a village with houses and a meetinghouse.
  • Town meetings were held to discuss important questions and elect selectmen.
  • Primogeniture was the passing of all inherited property to the firstborn son.
  • While the pop grew, the tight-knot social structure of the Puritans experienced strains.
  • When towns grew larger, residents cultivated farther away from the community center asking for a church because they were so far away.
  • Tensions grew more due to the patriarchal dividing of land, so sons got up and moved away.
  • Economic necessity undermined the patriarchal society because fathers needed sons, sons needed fathers and fathers needed daughters.
20
Q

The Great Awakening

A
  • After decline in religious piety grew in others region, the result was the first great American revival.
  • It went from 1730-1740, and had appealed mostly to women and to the younger sons of 3rd and 4th gen settlers (were to inherit least).
  • Powerful evangelists from England helped, like John and Charles Wesley who created Methodism and visited colonies in the 1730s, George Whitefield, who worked with the Wesley’s, made several torus and had a major crowd, but most importantly was Jonathan Edwards, who, from Northampton, MA, had preached the traditional Puritan ideas of the absolute sovereignty of God, predestination, and salvation by Gods grace alone.
  • The G.A. Led to divisions, such as the divisions of existing congregations to the founding of new ones, a denounce of learning for some and a founding of schools for others.
21
Q

Salem Witch Trials

A
  • The Puritan tensions could produce bizarre hysteria, such as that in 1680s-1690s in Salem.
  • Adolescent girls exhibited strange behavior and made accusations against servants, which led to against prominent people, who were then killed.
  • The accused witches were middle-aged women, widowed, no children, and were often accused because of the society’s little tolerance for independent women.
22
Q

Enlightenment

A
  • The G.A. Caused a great upheaval in cultures while the E caused another.
  • It was to a large degree a product of the natural laws discovered in Euro at the time, and they believed that reason, not just faith, could create progress and advance knowledge, so we need not always turn to God for answers.
  • The E undermined the power of traditional authority (like the GA), unlike the GA, it encourage people to look to themselves, not God, for guidance on how to shape their lives and society, an emphasis on education, a heightened interest in politics and government, and believed that rational inquiry would support religion.
  • They first borrowed their ideas from abroad, like John Locke and Francis Bacon, but later had contributions from Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, and James Madison.
23
Q

Almanacs

A
  • first appeared in 1638-39 in Cambridge MA
  • Philomath Almanac first then Farmer’s Almanac attached
  • had medical advice, wisdom, navigational info, and humor
  • 1700: every family had at least one
  • before this, Bible only other source of writing
  • Poor Richard’s Almanack was the most popular by Richard Saunders or Benjamin Franklin
  • showed how they liked stereotypical and racial humor
24
Q

literacy rates

A
  • boys went to primary school, then moved on
  • after Rev, more than half of white men could read and white, better than Euro
  • women lagged
  • early colonial years, boys and girls had same education, and still higher than Euro
  • discouraged Africans to learn
25
Q

Harvard

A
  • first American college
  • 1636 by General Court of MA
  • wanted to create a training center for minsters
  • named after John Harvard, a Charlestown minister who left his library and estate to the college
  • one of few colleges for religious reasons
26
Q

Benjamin Franklin

A
  • pseudonym Richard Saunders
  • Poor Richard’s Almanack
  • most popular one
  • son of a printer in RI and settled in Philadelphia
  • included proverbial sentences
27
Q

Cotton Mather

A
  • Puritan theologian
  • heard from his own slave to infect people with small amounts of smallpox, so they would become immune, yet believed disease was because you sinned
  • sparked interest in science
28
Q

Smallpox inoculation

A
  • Cotton Mather came up with
  • results confirmed the technique worked
  • theologians, like Jonathan Edwards took it up as well
  • by mid-18th century, widely used practice
29
Q

John Peter Zenger

A
  • trial of 1734-1735 on him, the NY publisher
  • powerfully defended by the Philadelphia lawyer Andrew Hamilton
  • courts ruled that criticisms of the gov’t were not allowable or true
  • led to restriction of the press