Chapter 1- Meeting of Cultures Flashcards
1
Q
Tenochtitlan
A
-Aztec capital
-built on site of present-day Mexico City
-1500: population over 100,000
-Significance: larger than any European city at the time,
complex public buildings equal in size to
Egypt’s pyramids
2
Q
Chaco
A
-tribe of the Chaco Canyon: Southwest
-pueblos: stone and adobe terraced structures that resembled apt buildings in later eras
-Significance: used large irrigation systems to farm with
their dry lands,
constructed towns that became centers of
trade, religious rituals, and crafts
3
Q
Cahokia Algonquin
A
-major city that resulted due to trade
-near present-day St. Louis
- 1200: population of 40,000
-Significance: great complex of large earthen mounds
first largest language group
4
Q
Iroquois Confederation
A
- emerged mid-15th century
- now upstate NY
- northern nations of Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida and Mohawk
- had links with Cherokees and Tuscaroras in Carolinas and GA
- Significance: 2nd largest language group
5
Q
Muskogean
A
- southeast
- Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, Seminoles
- Significance: 3rd largest language group
6
Q
Commercialism
A
- one of the related incentives for Europe top start looking West
- reawakened by population growth after Black Death
- affluent landlords were eager to purchase goods from distant regions, which created a new merchant class to meet the demand
7
Q
Nationalism
A
- second incentive for Europe looking West
- new government: stronger with new monarchs, centralized nationals courts, armies and tax systems
8
Q
Black Death
A
- bubonic plague of 1347
- began in Constantinople
- killed about 1/3 of Europe
- devastated its limited economy
9
Q
Prince Henry the Navigator
A
- 15th century Portuguese maritime man
- interest: west coast of Africa not sea route to Asia
- goals: start Christian empire on WC in Africa and find gold
- did not achieve himself, but his mariners achieved feats
10
Q
Bartholomeu Dias
A
-1486: rounded the tip of Southern Africa (Cape of Good Hope)
11
Q
Vasco Da Gama
A
-1497-1498: made it all the way around the cape to India
12
Q
Pedro Cabral
A
-1500: under his command, on the next voyage to India, was blown off his southernly course went west and happened on the coast of Brazil
13
Q
Christopher Columbus
A
- born and raised in Genoa, Italy, but obtained his seafaring experience in Portugal
- Goals: reaching Asia by going west based on the misconceptions of the world being smaller than it is, Asia was longer eastward and the Atlantic was narrow enough to cross
- After being rejected by Spain, went to Portugal where Queen Isabelle gave him 3 ships to set out in on August of 1492
- thought on straight course for Japan, but ten weeks later ended up on an island in Bahamas, then encountered Cuba and called it China
- a year later, went from Caribbean to northern coast of South America, and concluded he was on an island off the coast of China
- A.K.A Admiral of the Ocean
- very religious
- ended his life in obscurity
14
Q
Ferdinand of Aragon & Isabelle of Castile
A
- 15th century, two most powerful regional rulers had wed
- produced the strongest monarchy in Europe
- wanted to demonstrate strength by sponsoring commercial ventures
- obeyed church: made colonies only Catholic
- supported Christopher Columbus’ voyage
15
Q
Amerigo Vespucci
A
- Florentine merchant
- a member of a later Portuguese voyage who wrote vivid descriptions of the lands they visited and who recognized the lands as a new continent
- America named after him
16
Q
Conquistadores
A
- wanted the wealth of the New World
- did anything they could to achieve the wealth, such as destroying tribes and cities, destroying documents, strategically killing the elites in order to control the rest
- brought over the smallpox, influenza, chicken pox and measles
17
Q
Francisco Pizarro
A
- Spaniard conquistador
- 1532-1538: conquered Peru and revealed to the Europeans the wealth of the Incas
18
Q
Hernando de Soto
A
- Spaniard
- Pizarro’s one-time deputy
- 1539-1541: led several expeditions west through Florida and became the first white man known to have crossed the Mississippi River
19
Q
Francisco Coronado
A
- Spaniard conquistador
- 1540-1542: traveled north from Mexico into to now New Mexico in a search for gold and jewels, but opened the Southwest to Spanish settlement
20
Q
Spanish Empire
A
- The first stage was the age of discovery and exploration, which began with Columbus, the second stage was the age of the conquistadors, in which disease decimated the Indians, and the third stage began when Spain declared the Ordinances of Discovery banned the most brutal military conquests.
- The first Spaniards to arrive in the New World only wanted to get rich, and they did, for 300 years, make Spain the wealthiest and most powerful nation.
- After the conquistadors, other Spaniards wanted to go to the New World for other reasons, like agriculture, and made settlements for themselves that would permanently alter the landscape and social structure.
- Spain also made the colonies Catholic and only Catholic. The most common settlement was missions, which their primary mission was to convert Natives to Catholicism.
- Did not do as well as other settlements because of there rigid trade options, the strict rules, the only monarchy-led governing, the non-permanent way of settling down
- had the most intermarriage of the natives and Europeans than others
- started out not as powerful in the seafaring expeditions, but soon became the largest empire
21
Q
Sir Thomas More’s “Utopia”
A
- published in Latin in 1516
- translated to English 35 years later
- described a mythical, but perfect society on an imaginary island supposedly discovered by a companion of Amerigo Vespucci in the waters of the New World
22
Q
Mercantilism
A
- new concept of economic life of England that the nation as a whole was the principle actor in the economy not the individuals in it
- believed economic health depended on extracting as much as wealth as possible from foreign lands and exporting as little as possible from home
- enhanced the position of the new merchant capitalists because heir ventures were thought to benefit the whole nation
- thrived at first with the wool trade and the great cloth in Antwerp
- 1550’s started to crash and overseas colonies seemed to be the answer
23
Q
Richard Hakluyt
A
- Oxford clergyman and English propagandist for colonization
- argues colonies would not only create new markets for English goods, they would also help alleviate poverty and unemployment by siphoning off the surplus population
24
Q
Protestant Reformation
A
- began in Germany in 1517 when Martin Luther openly protested the beliefs and basic practices of the Roman Catholic Church
- one of the incentives for England to colonize
25
Q
Martin Luther
A
- started Protestant Reformation in 1517 when he openly protested the beliefs and basic practices of the Roman Catholic Church
- Augustinian monk and ordained priest
- challenged that salvation could achieved through good works or through loyalty (payments) to the church
- believed that the Bible was the authentic voice of God and that salvation was found solely through faith alone
- gained a following, but claimed he was not rebelling just to reform it from within
- excommunicated in 1520
- rebelled and brought his followers from the Catholic church
26
Q
John Calvin
A
- Swiss theologian
- after Luther, was the most influential reformers and went farther than Luther in rejecting the church
- predestination: God determined who would be saved and who would be damned before they were even born and no one could change that predetermined fate
- Calvinists believed that the way people led their lives could tell them their path
- produced the Huguenots of France and Puritans of England
27
Q
Huguenots France
A
- non-English European immigrants
- A.K.A French Calvinists
- 1598: Edict of Nantes: allowed them to become practically a state within the Roman Catholic France
- 1685: revoked the Edict, and they started to leave the state (about 300,000)
28
Q
Puritan England
A
- people who wanted to Purify the church
- Separatists were the radical Puritans
- wanted to simplify Anglican forms of worship, to reduce the power of the bishops, and to reform the clergy- wanted to see the church give more attention to its spiritual side and not its worldly ambitions
- James I antagonized by resorting to arbitrary taxation because most of them were his rising businessmen
29
Q
King Henry
A
- started the English Reformation
- 1529: became angry by the pope’s refusal to divorce him and his Spanish wife ( who did not provide him a son)
- broke England’s ties with the Catholic Church and establishing himself as the head of the Christian faith
30
Q
Protestantism
A
- remained in doubt after King Henry VIII’s death
- many executed by Queen Mary, some fled,
31
Q
Puritans
A
- people who wanted to Purify the church
- Separatists were the radical Puritans
- wanted to simplify Anglican forms of worship, to reduce the power of the bishops, and to reform the clergy- wanted to see the church give more attention to its spiritual side and not its worldly ambitions
- fled to colonies in order to get religious freedom
- James I antagonized by resorting to arbitrary taxation because most of them were his rising businessmen
32
Q
Separatists
A
- radical Puritans
- determined to worship as they pleased in their own congregations
- they rejected the prevailing assumptions about the proper religious roles of women
33
Q
James I
A
- Scotsman
- 1603: first Stuart king of England
- believed in divine right and did not compromise with his opponents
- antagonized the Puritans and favored the Catholic Church
34
Q
Stuarts
A
- James I: England’s problems begun with him, but he had not openly opposed Parliament
- Charles I: dissolved Parliament in 1629, absolute monarch, alienated his subjects, called Parliament back into session when needed money, but he antagonized them by dismissing them twice in two years
- 1642: some of Parliament organized a military challenge against the king, starting the English Civil War
35
Q
Sir Humphrey Gilbert
A
- established the first British colony in the New World
- served for a time as a governor for an Irish district and suppressed native rebellions with viciousness
- he was educated and civilized, but considered the Natives uncivilized
36
Q
“plantations”
A
- transplantations of English society in a foreign land
- English colonizers established in Ireland
- tried to build a complete society on their own, unlike the Spanish in America
37
Q
coureurs de bois
A
- adventurous fur traders and trappers
- penetrated far into the wilderness and developed an extensive trade that became one of the underpinnings of the French colonial economy
- more an Indian trade than French one
- were little agents from the Algonquins and Herons from whom the French traded with
38
Q
Henry Hudson
A
- English explorer in the employ of the Dutch
- 1609: sailed up the river that was named after him
- thought it was the long-sought Pacific, but led to a permanent Dutch settlement
39
Q
Dutch West India Company
A
- 1642: established a series of permanent trading posts on the Hudson, Delaware, and Connecticut Rivers.
- actively encouraged settlement
40
Q
Jamestown
A
- Virginia, 1607
- first English settlement
41
Q
Sir Francis Drake
A
-staged successful raids on Spanish merchant ships and built a confidence in England to challenge Spanish sea power
42
Q
Philip II
A
- 1588: the Spanish King, had reunited his nation with Portugal and wanted to end England’s supremacy
- Spanish Armada: largest sea fleet in history
- smaller English ships had beat the big Spanish ships, and ended the Spanish domination of the sea
43
Q
Sir Humphrey Gilbert & Sir Walter Raleigh
A
- Raleigh undeterred by Gilbert’s misfortune
- Raleigh secured a six-year grant similar to Gilbert’s from Elizabeth, whom returned with two Natives from Roanoke
- recruited cousin Sir Richard Grenville in 1585 to Roanoke and establish a colony
44
Q
Roanoke
A
- A.K.A The Lost Colony
- in 1587, after sending out 117 people, found no one left and “Croatoan” written on a post in 1590
45
Q
Sir Richard Grenville
A
- cousin of Sir Walter Raleigh
- Raleigh recruited him to set up a colony at Roanoke in 1585
- he stayed long enough to antagonize the Natives and then left
