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Psychology > Chapter 3 Slides > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Slides Flashcards

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1
Q

Neurons

A

Individual nerve cells that make up the nervous system

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2
Q

Nerves

A

Large bundles of axons

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3
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

Intricate network of nerves carries information to and from the CNS

Somatic nervous system
Automatic nervous system

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5
Q

Spinal Cord (how many of what nerves)

A 
Spinal nerves (31 pairs) [sensory/motor]
Cranial nerves (12 pairs) [direct from brain]
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6
Q

Somatic nervous system (SNS)

A

Controls voluntary behavior like dancing or throwing a frisbee

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7
Q

Automatic nervous system (ANS)

A

Controls automatic functions like internal organs and glands
Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system

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8
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

“Fight or flight”
Longed-for job interview

Dilated pupil, inhibits tears, inhibits salivation, activated sweat glands, increase heart rate, increase respiration, inhibits digestion, release of adrenaline, release of sugar from liver, relaxes bladder

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9
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Quiets body
Produces opposite effects of sympathetic nervous system

Constricts pupil, stimulates tears, stimulates salivation, inhibits heart rate, constricts respiration, constricts blood vessels, stimulates digestion, contracts bladder

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10
Q

Parts of a neuron

A

Dendrites
Soma
Axon
Axon terminals

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11
Q

Three complementary perspectives on behavior

A

Biological
Psychological
Sociocultural

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12
Q

Biological perspective on behavior

A

All our behavior can be explained through physiological processes

Biopsychological view: behavior is the result of internal physical, chemical, and biological processes
Evolutionary view: behavior is the result of evolution

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13
Q

Psychological perspective on behavior

A

Behavior is shaped by individual psychological processes including behaviorism, cognitive behaviorism, cognition, humanism, and psychoanalysis

Behaviorist view: behavior is shaped and controlled by ones environment
Cognitive view: behavior results from mental processing of information
Psychodynamic view: behavior is directed by unconscious forces
Humanistic view: behavior is guided by self-image and the need for personal growth

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14
Q

Sociocultural perspective on behavior

A

Sociocultural view: behavior is influenced by ones social and cultural context
cultural relativity: behavior must be judged relative to values of the culture in which it occurs
social norms: rules that define acceptable and expected behavior

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15
Q

Acetylcholine (main mode of action, function in the brain, effects of imbalance)

A

Excitatory
Participates in movement, autonomic, function, learning, and memory
Deficiency may play a role in Alzheimer’s

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16
Q

Dopamine (main mode of action, function in the brain, effects of imbalance)

A

Excitatory
Participates in motivation, reward, planning of behavior
Deficiency may lead to Parkinson’s disease, reduced feelings of pleasure, excess may lead to schizophrenia

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17
Q

GABA (main mode of action, function in the brain, effects of imbalance)

A

Inhibitory, major inhibitory effect in the central nervous system; participates in moods
Deficiency may lead to anxiety

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18
Q

Glutamate (main mode of action, function in the brain, effects of imbalance)

A

Excitatory
Major excitatory effect in the central nervous system; participates in learning and memory
Excess may lead to neuron death and autism; deficiency may lead to tiredness

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19
Q

Norepinephrine (main mode of action, function in the brain, effects of imbalance)

A

Excitatory
Participates in arousal, vigilance, and mood
Excess may lead to anxiety

20
Q

Seratonin (main mode of action, function in the brain, effects of imbalance)

A

Inhibitory
Participates in mood, appetite, and sleep
Deficiency may lead to depression and/or anxiety

21
Q

Hebb’s rule

A

The capacity of our brains to change in response to experience

22
Q

Neurogenesis

A

Production of new brain cells

23
Q

Biopsychology

A

Locate parts of the brain that control particular mental or behavioral functions

24
Q

Computed tomographic scanning (CT)

A

Specialized x-ray

25
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

Strong magnetic field (not an X-ray)

26
Q

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

A

Detects, amplifies, and records electrical activity in the brain

27
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

Provides more detailed images of activity both near the surface and below

28
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

Makes brain actively visible

29
Q

Gray matter

A

Spongy tissue made up mostly of cell bodies

70% of the neurons in the CNS

30
Q

Corticalization

A

Increase in size and wrinkling of the cortex

31
Q

What connects the cerebral hemispheres

A

Corpus callosum

32
Q

Which hemisphere of the brain?
Language, speech, writing, calculation, time sense, rhythm, ordering of complex movements
Analysis (breaking info into parts), processes information sequentially

A

Left brain

33
Q

Which hemisphere of the brain?
Nonverbal, perceptual skills, visualization, recognition of patterns, faces, melodies, recognition and expression of emotion, special skills, simple language comprehension
Process information holistically and simultaneously

A

Right brain

34
Q

What is a lobe?

A

An area borders by major grooves or fissures of defined by their functions

35
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Sense of self, motor control, and higher mental abilities such as reasoning and planning
Primary motor cortex (direct muscles)
Mirror neurons (may explain autism spectrum disorder)

36
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Sensation such as touch, pain, temperature, and pressure
Primary somatosensory cortex
Sensitivity versus size

37
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Vision

38
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Hearing and language

Primary auditory area

39
Q

Cerebellum

A

Posture, coordination, muscle tone, and memory of skills and habits
Muscle memory, body balance

40
Q

Subcortex

A

Underneath cerebral hemispheres

Divided into: hindbrain(brain stem), midbrain, forebrain

41
Q

Hindbrain (brainstem)

A

Vital life functions, breathing, heart rate, swallowing (medulla)
Sleep/arousal (pons)
Cerebellum
Reticular formation and Reticular activating system

42
Q

Forebrain

A

Reticular formation (RT) - Reticular Activating System - attention to redirect thoughts for survival

43
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Voluntary movements; sensations, learning, remembering, thinking, emotion, consciousness

44
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Control of hunger, thirst, temperature, and other visceral and bodily functions

45
Q

Medulla

A

Centers for control over breathing, swallowing, digestion, heart rate

Psychology (4 decks)

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