Chapter 3: Skeletal System Terminology Flashcards
Bones
Are the basic structures that provide the body’s framework, physically, support the body, and protect internal structures in the body’s cavities. They are also a storage area for minerals (especially calcium), and have structures that manufacture various blood cells. They are dense and rigid tissues that do not allow for mobility but most bones are connected to one another by joints which, together with cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and muscles, allow the body to move.
Diaphysis
Shaft or trunk of a long bone
Epiphysis
Wider area at the end of a long bone
Process
Normal projection on a bone to attach the bone to a muscle or tendon
Foramen
Hole in the bone for blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments to pass through
Periosteum
(the prefix peri-means surrounding): tough fibrous tissue that surrounds and covers the bone
Compact bone
dense, solid, tough, strong tissue
Spongy bone
area that is softer and weaker, is less dense and strong, appears sponge-like, and contains red bone marrow
Medullary Cavity
Innermost center cavity of the bone, a storage space for bone marrow
Endosteum
(the prefix end- means inside): tissue that lines the medullary cavity
Red Bone Marrow
Manufactures blood cells, and is found in the ends and the inner sections of long bones, ribs, pelvic bones, and bones of the spine
Yellow Bone Marrow
Storage area for fat, and is found in the medullary cavity of long bones
Cartilage
Resilient and smooth elastic tissue that pads and protects the ends of a bone at the point where it connects with another bone
Articular Cartilage
smooth and rubbery tissue that covers adjoining bones to act as a shock absorber and to prevent friction between the bones
Joints
Are areas where two or more bones meet. Some joints do not allow mobility, but most joints are mobile which allows the bone to move. There are 3 types of joints that are classified according to their composition, their ability to promote movement, and the presence or absence of a cavity in the joint.
Fibrous Joints
Are layers of dense tissue that are not flexible, connect the bones, and do not allow for movement
Cartilaginous Joints
connect bones with cartilage, and allow slight movement.
Synovial Joints
Allow for smooth and potentially complex movement between connecting bones
Synovial Capsule
Outermost layer that defines the cavity between the bones
Synovial Membrane
Lines the inside of the capsule and secretes fluid
Synovial Fluid
Liquid that lubricates the cavity to prevent friction and allow for joint movement
Ligaments
Fiber-like strands of connective tissue that attach bone-bone or bone-cartilage to keep the structures together and to keep them stable
Bursae
Fibrous sacs filled with thick fluid to provide added cushioning
Axial Skeleton
The term axial pertains to the central part of the body, including the skull bones (cranial, facial, and middle ear bones), thoracic cavity, and the vertebrae
Appendicular Skeleton
The term appendicular refers to appendages (structures that are attached to the central part of the body)
Cranial bones
Protect the brain and are flat bones that are connected by fibrous joints.
Facial Bones
Help shape the face and may have air-filled cavities to lighten the weight of the skull
Auditory Ossicles
Three tiny bones in the middle ear that transmit sound waves
Rib cage
Protects structure and organs within the thoracic cavity
Sternum
A flat bone located in the middle of the chest. 3 main sections: manubrium, body of the sterum, xiphoid process
Manubrium
Uppermost portion of the sternum
Body of the sternum
middle section, and the majority of the sternum
Xiphoid process
small lower part of the sternum
True ribs
attach to the sternum
False ribs
they connect to a common cartilage which attaches to the sternum
Floating Ribs
Only attach to thoracic vertebrae, they do not connect with the anterior chest
Vertebrae
A series of small bones with projections. Each vertebra has a foramen that aligns with all the other vertebral foramen, through which the spinal cord passes. The bones of the vertebra are cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx
Cartilaginous Disk
protects the bone and separated each vertebra. Acts as a cushion to prevent friction between the bones, and allows the spine to move.
Bones of the pectoral girdle (Shoulder area)
Connect with the axial skeleton and support the arms and hands. they include: the clavicle, scapula and acromion
Clavicle
Commonly called the collar bone
Scapula
Commonly called the shoulder blade or the wing bone
Acromion
Bony process that is an extension of the scapula
Arm bones
They are the humerus, radius, ulna, and olecranon process
Bones of the wrists and hands
They are the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges
Humerus
Upper arm bone, from the shoulder to the elbow
Radius
Shorter and smaller bone of the forearm, between, the elbow and the wrist
Ulna
Longer, larger of the two forearm bones, between the elbow and the wrist
Olecranon Process
Bony process on the proximal end of the ulna
Carpals
Collection of small bones that form the wrist
Metacarpals
(the prefix meta- means subsequent to, after): bones that form the palm of the hand
Phalanges
bones of the fingers
Pelvis
It is the lower part of the body’s trunk between the abdomen and the thighs, protects the lower internal structures and supports the legs, and is sometimes called the pubic bone. Bones associated with the pelvis are: ilium, ischium, and pubis
Ilium
Broad and blade-shaped bone
Ischium
Lower posterior section of the pubic bone
Pubis
Lower anterior section of the pubic bone
Acetabulum
a cavity on either side of the pubic bone that accommodates the head of each upper leg to create the hip joints, and the pubic symphysis
Pubic Symphysis
A cartilaginous joint that connects the pubic bones to allow for slight movement
Femur
Longest , largest bone that forms the upper leg (from hip to the knee)
Patella
bone on the anterior of the knee, commonly called the kneecap
Tibia
Larger of the two lower leg bones (from the knee to the ankle)
Fibula
Smaller of the two lower leg bones
Tarsals
Collection of small bones that form the ankle. Malleolus, Talus, and Calcaneus
Malleolus
Tibial and fibular rounded projections, on the sides of the ankle
Talus
Small ankle bone that connects with the tibia and fibula
Calcaneus
Bone that forms the foundation of the rear part of the foot, often called the heel bone
Metatarsals
Bones that connect the tarsals and phalanges
Phalanges
Bones of the toes
Ankyl/o
Crooked, bent, stiff
Arthr/o
joint
Burs/o
Bursa, sac of fluid near a joint
Cervic/o
neck
Chondr/o, chondr/i
cartilage
Cost/o
rib
Crani/o
skull
Ili/o
ilium, hip bone
Kyph/o
hump
ligament/o
ligament
lord/o
curve, swayback
Lumb/o
lower back
Mandibul/o
lower jaw, mandible
Myel/o
bone marrow
Necr/o
death
Oste/o, ost/o, oss/i, oss/e
bone
Pelv/o, Pelv/i
Pelvic bone
Pod/o
feet
Sacr/o
sacrum
Scoli/o
bent, curved
Spondyl/o
vertebra, backbone
stern/o
Sternum, breast bone
Synov/o, synovi/o
synovial
Tars/o
Tarsus, ankle bone
Vertebr/o
Vertebra, backbone
-centesis
Surgical puncture to remove fluid
-clasis
breaking down
-desis
tie, bind, fuse, join
-ectomy
surgical removal
-itis
inflammation
-listhesis
slipping
-lysis
loosening
-malacia
abnormal softening
-osis
abnormal condition, disease
-otomy
cutting into or surgical incision
-penia
deficiency, lack
-plasty
surgical repair
-rrhaphy
surgical suturing
-sclerosis
abnormal hardening
-scopy
visual examination
