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Medical Terminology > Chapter 2: OVERVIEW of the HUMAN BODY > Flashcards

Chapter 2: OVERVIEW of the HUMAN BODY Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Vertical Plane

A

Two major divisions or surfaces: Frontal. and midsagittal planes

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2
Q

Frontal Plane (coronal plane)

A

an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into its anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections

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3
Q

Midsagittal Plane

A

plane divides the right and left sides of the body into equal sections, and is more commonly called the midline

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4
Q

Horizontal Plane

A

provides on major division :Transverse Plane

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5
Q

Transverse Plane

A

an imaginary line dividing the body’s superior (top, upper) section and its inferior (bottom, lower) section

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6
Q

Ventral

A

the front or anterior surface of the body including the chest, abdomen, shins, as well as the palms and the soles of the feet

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7
Q

Anterior

A

Also refers to being located at the front. Often used when describing the location of a body structure (the stomach is anterior to the spine)

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8
Q

Dorsal

A

The back or posterior surface of the body, including the back, scapulae (shoulder blades), buttocks, leg calves, as well as the tops of the hands and feet

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9
Q

Posterior

A

also refers to being located at the back. Often used when describing the location of a body structure (the spine is posterior to the stomach)

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10
Q

Superior

A

an area that is above, on top of another area, or directed toward the head (the head is superior to the bowel)

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11
Q

Cephalic

A

Directed toward or situated on, in, or near the head

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12
Q

Inferior

A

An area that is below, under another area, or directed toward the feet (the bowel is inferior to the heart)

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13
Q

Caudal

A

Directed away from the head, toward the feet

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14
Q

Proximal

A

Situated closer to the body, to the point of attachment to the body, or to another structure (the upper arm is proximal to the body)

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15
Q

Distal

A

Situated further from the body, to the point of attachment to the body, or to another structure (the wrist is distal to the upper arm)

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16
Q

Medial

A

Situated closer to the body’s dividing line (the midline), or to another structure (the big toe is located on the medial side of the foot)

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17
Q

Lateral

A

Situated further away from the body’s midline, or from another structure (the small toe is located on the lateral side of the foot)

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18
Q

Dorsal Cavity

A

located along the dorsal side (back) of the body and has two divisions: Cranial cavity and spinal cavity

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19
Q

Cranial Cavity

A

Located in the skull, surrounds and protects the brain

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20
Q

Spinal Cavity

A

Located within the spinal column, surround and protects the spinal cord

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21
Q

Ventral Cavity

A

Located on the ventral side (front) of the body and has three divisions: Thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, and pelvic cavity

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22
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

Surrounds and protects the heart and lungs

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23
Q

Abdominal Cavity

A

Surrounds and protects digestive system organs (stomach, intestines, pancreas, liver, gallbladder) and the spleen, and has a multi-layered membrane called the peritoneum that holds the organs in place

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24
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

is the the outer layer that lines the abdominal wall

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25
Q

Mesentery

A

is a fold/layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches portions of the small bowel to the abdominal wall

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26
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

is the innermost layer, closest to the organs

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27
Q

Pelvic Cavity

A

Houses and protects the organs of reproduction and excretion

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28
Q

Right Hypochondriac

A

upper right, beginning below the lower right ribs

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29
Q

Left Hypochondriac

A

Upper left, beginning below the lower left ribs

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30
Q

Epigastric

A

Upper middle, above the umbilical region

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31
Q

Right Lumbar

A

Right flank at waist level, posteriorly (at the back)

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32
Q

Left Lumbar

A

Left flank at waist level, posteriorly (at the back)

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33
Q

Umbilical

A

surrounding the umblicus (navel)

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34
Q

Right Iliac

A

lower right, at the level of the hip bones

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35
Q

Left Iliac

A

lower left, at the level of the hip bones

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36
Q

Hypogastric (pubic region)

A

Lower middle, below the umbilical region

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37
Q

RUQ (right upper quadrant)

A

lower right rib cage to the umbilicus, from the right side of the body to the midline

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38
Q

LUQ (left upper quadrant)

A

lower left rib cage to the umbilicus, from the left side of the body to the midline

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39
Q

RLQ (right lower quadrant)

A

umbilicus to the right groin (the right inguinal area), from the right side of the body to the midline

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40
Q

LLQ (left lower quadrant)

A

umbilicus to the left groin (the inguinal area), from the left side of the body to the midline

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41
Q

Dominant Gene

A

a gene that expresses itself strongly, overtakes and outperforms a recessive gene

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42
Q

Recessive gene

A

a gene that is masked, suppressed, or overshadowed by a dominant gene

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43
Q

Genome

A

a complete set of all the genetic information needed to create, build and maintain the body, found in the body’s genes and DNA

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44
Q

DNA

A

molecules in the cell’s nucleus that are packaged into thread-like structures called chromosomes. DNA provides hereditary information (i.e. physical traits and characteristics, and the probability and rate of disease processes)

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45
Q

Chromosome

A

genetic structure made up of DNA, found within each cell’s nucleus

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46
Q

Genetic Disorder (hereditary disorder)

A

a medical condition caused by a defective, absent or extra gene, which can be apparent at birth or develop later in the life cycle

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47
Q

Cytology

A

The study of the cell’s structure, anatomy, functions, and chemical characteristics

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48
Q

Cytologist

A

The specialist who analyzes the cells’ features and attributes

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49
Q

Histologist

A

A specialist who examines and evaluates tissue samples from any of the four types of tissues: muscle, nerve, connective and epithelial

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50
Q

Muscle

A

Tissue with characteristics that allow it to tighten and contract, expand and relax

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51
Q

Nerve

A

tissue with properties that respond to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses

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52
Q

Connective

A

Four types of specialized tissue that support and connect/attach organs and other tissues: adipose, dense, loose, and liquid

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53
Q

Adipose

A

fat tissue that provides insulation and padding

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54
Q

Dense

A

thick tissue such as bone and cartilage

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55
Q

Loose

A

Surrounds organs and supports blood vessels

56
Q

Liquid

A

Transports nutrients throughout the body and removes wastes

57
Q

Epithelial

A

Tissue that lines and protects the body’s cavities, and internal and external surfaces. Some epithelial cells group together to form glands that have the ability to secrete substances and hormones

58
Q

Exocrine

A

Gland that secretes a substance into a duct

59
Q

Endocrine

A

gland that secretes a hormones directly into the bloodstream

60
Q

Adenitis

A

Inflammation of a gland

61
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

malignant tumour of a gland

62
Q

Adenoma

A

Benign tumour of a gland

63
Q

Adenomalacia

A

Abnormal softening of a gland

64
Q

Adenosclerosis

A

condition of abnormal hardening of a gland

65
Q

Adenosis

A

any condition or disease of a gland

66
Q

Adenectomy

A

surgical removal of a gland

67
Q

Aplasia

A

Absence or defective development of tissue

68
Q

Hypoplasia

A

Underdeveloped tissue due to a shortage of cells in the tissue

69
Q

Anaplasia

A

Tissue structure changes due to alterations in the cells’ structure and usual characteristics

70
Q

Dysplasia

A

Abnormal growth of cells and tissues

71
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Tissue enlargement due to an increase in the number of cells in the tissue

72
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Tissue enlargement due to an increase in the size of the cells in the tissue

73
Q

Skeletal

A

Offers support and shape to the body, protects internal organs

74
Q

Muscular

A

allows the body to move

75
Q

Lymphatic

A

removes wastes, destroys harmful substances

76
Q

Immune

A

defends the body and protects it from infections and allergens

77
Q

Respiratory

A

Brings oxygen into the body, removes carbon dioxide

78
Q

Digestive

A

Processes and absorbs foods, eliminates wastes

79
Q

Urinary

A

Filters blood to remove wastes, maintains chemical and fluid balances

80
Q

Nervous

A

Responds to stimuli, transmits electrical messages to and from the brain

81
Q

Special Senses

A

See and hear information, and transmit the information

82
Q

Integumentary

A

Protects the body from microorganisms, regulates temperature

83
Q

Endocrine

A

Assimilates and integrates all body functions, transports hormones

84
Q

Reproductive

A

Produces and creates new life

85
Q

Pathology

A

The study of disease, its features and characteristics

86
Q

Etiology

A

The study of the causes of diseases

87
Q

Pathogens

A

Microorganisms that cause a disease

88
Q

Ways of Transmission and spread of Pathogens between People

A

Direct contact, indirect contact, droplet, airborne, vector, and vehicle route

89
Q

Direct Contact

A

Transmission is from one person to another person (i.e. pathogen is transmitted during a handshake)

90
Q

Indirect Contact

A

Transmission is from a person, to an inanimate object, to another person (i.e. infected person touches a doorknob, and another person acquires the pathogen when he touches the same doorknob)

91
Q

Droplet

A

Transmission is through pathogens expelled during a cough or sneeze

92
Q

Airborne

A

Transmission is through germs, dust or evaporated skin and hair particles

93
Q

Vector

A

Transmission is via an insect, a bird, or an animal

94
Q

Vehicle route

A

Transmission is via food, water, blood or other body fluids: Food-borne, water-borne, blood-borne

95
Q

Endemic

A

ongoing presence of disease within a population

96
Q

Epidemic

A

Widespread outbreak of disease within a specific group or area

97
Q

Pandemic

A

Outbreak of disease over a large geographic area, potentially worldwide

98
Q

Functional Disorder

A

Symptoms, with no visible source

99
Q

Organic Disorder

A

Symptoms, with detectable physical changes

100
Q

Idiopathic disorder

A

illness with no known cause

101
Q

Congenital

A

condition that is evident at the time of birth

102
Q

Nosocomial

A

Infection acquired in a healthcare environment

103
Q

Iatrogenic

A

condition caused by a prescribed medical treatment

104
Q

Aden/o

A

gland

105
Q

Adip/o

A

fat

106
Q

Anter/o

A

in front, before

107
Q

Caud/o

A

lower part of the body

108
Q

Cephal/o

A

head

109
Q

Crani/o

A

Skull

110
Q

Cyt/o

A

Cell

111
Q

Dors/o

A

Back of the body

112
Q

Gen/o

A

gene

113
Q

Hist/o

A

tissue

114
Q

Ili/o

A

ilium, hip bone

115
Q

Medi/o

A

middle

116
Q

Path/o

A

disease

117
Q

Plas/o

A

growth, formation

118
Q

Poster/o

A

in back, behind

119
Q

Ventr/o

A

in front, abdomen side

120
Q

a-

A

no, without

121
Q

dys-

A

bad, difficult, abnormal

122
Q

en-, end-, endo-

A

inside, within

123
Q

epi-

A

above

124
Q

exo-

A

outside

125
Q

hyper-

A

increased, excessive

126
Q

hypo-

A

decreased, deficient

127
Q

pan-

A

all, entire

128
Q

-crine

A

to secrete

129
Q

-ectomy

A

surgical removal

130
Q

-itis

A

inflammation

131
Q

-malacia

A

abnormal softening

132
Q

-ologist

A

specialist

133
Q

-osis

A

abnormal condition, disease

134
Q

-plasia

A

growth, formation

135
Q

-sclerosis

A

abnormal hardening

136
Q

-trophy

A

development

Medical Terminology (3 decks)

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