Chapter 2: OVERVIEW of the HUMAN BODY Flashcards
Vertical Plane
Two major divisions or surfaces: Frontal. and midsagittal planes
Frontal Plane (coronal plane)
an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into its anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections
Midsagittal Plane
plane divides the right and left sides of the body into equal sections, and is more commonly called the midline
Horizontal Plane
provides on major division :Transverse Plane
Transverse Plane
an imaginary line dividing the body’s superior (top, upper) section and its inferior (bottom, lower) section
Ventral
the front or anterior surface of the body including the chest, abdomen, shins, as well as the palms and the soles of the feet
Anterior
Also refers to being located at the front. Often used when describing the location of a body structure (the stomach is anterior to the spine)
Dorsal
The back or posterior surface of the body, including the back, scapulae (shoulder blades), buttocks, leg calves, as well as the tops of the hands and feet
Posterior
also refers to being located at the back. Often used when describing the location of a body structure (the spine is posterior to the stomach)
Superior
an area that is above, on top of another area, or directed toward the head (the head is superior to the bowel)
Cephalic
Directed toward or situated on, in, or near the head
Inferior
An area that is below, under another area, or directed toward the feet (the bowel is inferior to the heart)
Caudal
Directed away from the head, toward the feet
Proximal
Situated closer to the body, to the point of attachment to the body, or to another structure (the upper arm is proximal to the body)
Distal
Situated further from the body, to the point of attachment to the body, or to another structure (the wrist is distal to the upper arm)
Medial
Situated closer to the body’s dividing line (the midline), or to another structure (the big toe is located on the medial side of the foot)
Lateral
Situated further away from the body’s midline, or from another structure (the small toe is located on the lateral side of the foot)
Dorsal Cavity
located along the dorsal side (back) of the body and has two divisions: Cranial cavity and spinal cavity
Cranial Cavity
Located in the skull, surrounds and protects the brain
Spinal Cavity
Located within the spinal column, surround and protects the spinal cord
Ventral Cavity
Located on the ventral side (front) of the body and has three divisions: Thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, and pelvic cavity
Thoracic Cavity
Surrounds and protects the heart and lungs
Abdominal Cavity
Surrounds and protects digestive system organs (stomach, intestines, pancreas, liver, gallbladder) and the spleen, and has a multi-layered membrane called the peritoneum that holds the organs in place
Parietal peritoneum
is the the outer layer that lines the abdominal wall
Mesentery
is a fold/layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches portions of the small bowel to the abdominal wall
Visceral peritoneum
is the innermost layer, closest to the organs
Pelvic Cavity
Houses and protects the organs of reproduction and excretion
Right Hypochondriac
upper right, beginning below the lower right ribs
Left Hypochondriac
Upper left, beginning below the lower left ribs
Epigastric
Upper middle, above the umbilical region
Right Lumbar
Right flank at waist level, posteriorly (at the back)
Left Lumbar
Left flank at waist level, posteriorly (at the back)
Umbilical
surrounding the umblicus (navel)
Right Iliac
lower right, at the level of the hip bones
Left Iliac
lower left, at the level of the hip bones
Hypogastric (pubic region)
Lower middle, below the umbilical region
RUQ (right upper quadrant)
lower right rib cage to the umbilicus, from the right side of the body to the midline
LUQ (left upper quadrant)
lower left rib cage to the umbilicus, from the left side of the body to the midline
RLQ (right lower quadrant)
umbilicus to the right groin (the right inguinal area), from the right side of the body to the midline
LLQ (left lower quadrant)
umbilicus to the left groin (the inguinal area), from the left side of the body to the midline
Dominant Gene
a gene that expresses itself strongly, overtakes and outperforms a recessive gene
Recessive gene
a gene that is masked, suppressed, or overshadowed by a dominant gene
Genome
a complete set of all the genetic information needed to create, build and maintain the body, found in the body’s genes and DNA
DNA
molecules in the cell’s nucleus that are packaged into thread-like structures called chromosomes. DNA provides hereditary information (i.e. physical traits and characteristics, and the probability and rate of disease processes)
Chromosome
genetic structure made up of DNA, found within each cell’s nucleus
Genetic Disorder (hereditary disorder)
a medical condition caused by a defective, absent or extra gene, which can be apparent at birth or develop later in the life cycle
Cytology
The study of the cell’s structure, anatomy, functions, and chemical characteristics
Cytologist
The specialist who analyzes the cells’ features and attributes
Histologist
A specialist who examines and evaluates tissue samples from any of the four types of tissues: muscle, nerve, connective and epithelial
Muscle
Tissue with characteristics that allow it to tighten and contract, expand and relax
Nerve
tissue with properties that respond to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses
Connective
Four types of specialized tissue that support and connect/attach organs and other tissues: adipose, dense, loose, and liquid
Adipose
fat tissue that provides insulation and padding
Dense
thick tissue such as bone and cartilage
Loose
Surrounds organs and supports blood vessels
Liquid
Transports nutrients throughout the body and removes wastes
Epithelial
Tissue that lines and protects the body’s cavities, and internal and external surfaces. Some epithelial cells group together to form glands that have the ability to secrete substances and hormones
Exocrine
Gland that secretes a substance into a duct
Endocrine
gland that secretes a hormones directly into the bloodstream
Adenitis
Inflammation of a gland
Adenocarcinoma
malignant tumour of a gland
Adenoma
Benign tumour of a gland
Adenomalacia
Abnormal softening of a gland
Adenosclerosis
condition of abnormal hardening of a gland
Adenosis
any condition or disease of a gland
Adenectomy
surgical removal of a gland
Aplasia
Absence or defective development of tissue
Hypoplasia
Underdeveloped tissue due to a shortage of cells in the tissue
Anaplasia
Tissue structure changes due to alterations in the cells’ structure and usual characteristics
Dysplasia
Abnormal growth of cells and tissues
Hyperplasia
Tissue enlargement due to an increase in the number of cells in the tissue
Hypertrophy
Tissue enlargement due to an increase in the size of the cells in the tissue
Skeletal
Offers support and shape to the body, protects internal organs
Muscular
allows the body to move
Lymphatic
removes wastes, destroys harmful substances
Immune
defends the body and protects it from infections and allergens
Respiratory
Brings oxygen into the body, removes carbon dioxide
Digestive
Processes and absorbs foods, eliminates wastes
Urinary
Filters blood to remove wastes, maintains chemical and fluid balances
Nervous
Responds to stimuli, transmits electrical messages to and from the brain
Special Senses
See and hear information, and transmit the information
Integumentary
Protects the body from microorganisms, regulates temperature
Endocrine
Assimilates and integrates all body functions, transports hormones
Reproductive
Produces and creates new life
Pathology
The study of disease, its features and characteristics
Etiology
The study of the causes of diseases
Pathogens
Microorganisms that cause a disease
Ways of Transmission and spread of Pathogens between People
Direct contact, indirect contact, droplet, airborne, vector, and vehicle route
Direct Contact
Transmission is from one person to another person (i.e. pathogen is transmitted during a handshake)
Indirect Contact
Transmission is from a person, to an inanimate object, to another person (i.e. infected person touches a doorknob, and another person acquires the pathogen when he touches the same doorknob)
Droplet
Transmission is through pathogens expelled during a cough or sneeze
Airborne
Transmission is through germs, dust or evaporated skin and hair particles
Vector
Transmission is via an insect, a bird, or an animal
Vehicle route
Transmission is via food, water, blood or other body fluids: Food-borne, water-borne, blood-borne
Endemic
ongoing presence of disease within a population
Epidemic
Widespread outbreak of disease within a specific group or area
Pandemic
Outbreak of disease over a large geographic area, potentially worldwide
Functional Disorder
Symptoms, with no visible source
Organic Disorder
Symptoms, with detectable physical changes
Idiopathic disorder
illness with no known cause
Congenital
condition that is evident at the time of birth
Nosocomial
Infection acquired in a healthcare environment
Iatrogenic
condition caused by a prescribed medical treatment
Aden/o
gland
Adip/o
fat
Anter/o
in front, before
Caud/o
lower part of the body
Cephal/o
head
Crani/o
Skull
Cyt/o
Cell
Dors/o
Back of the body
Gen/o
gene
Hist/o
tissue
Ili/o
ilium, hip bone
Medi/o
middle
Path/o
disease
Plas/o
growth, formation
Poster/o
in back, behind
Ventr/o
in front, abdomen side
a-
no, without
dys-
bad, difficult, abnormal
en-, end-, endo-
inside, within
epi-
above
exo-
outside
hyper-
increased, excessive
hypo-
decreased, deficient
pan-
all, entire
-crine
to secrete
-ectomy
surgical removal
-itis
inflammation
-malacia
abnormal softening
-ologist
specialist
-osis
abnormal condition, disease
-plasia
growth, formation
-sclerosis
abnormal hardening
-trophy
development
