Chapter 3: Reporting stations and the brain

Question 1

Ischemic or inflammatory events at receptor sites may have what effect on the proprioception?

Answer 1

Diminished proprioceptive sensitivity due to build up of metabolic by-products (mainly pain afferents)

Question 2

Physical trauma can have what effect on the receptor axons?

Answer 2

Can lead to denervation, atrophy and loss of sensitivity in detecting movement, as well as altering firing rate

Question 3

In forward head translation what happens to the position of the posterior atlas arch?

Answer 3

Space between occiput and axis nearly vanishes

Question 4

EMG studies suggests that Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor does not fire during extension, but rather when…?

Answer 4

The head translates forwards

Question 5

What is the main value of the Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor thought to be?

Answer 5

As a proprioceptive monitor of the cervical spine and head

Question 6

In elderly there seems to be a shift in balance systems, what is thought to happen?

Answer 6

Shift in emphasis from vestibular reflexes to cervical reflexes in maintaining balance

Question 7

Hallgren found that some individuals with chronic neck pain exhibited fatty degeneration and atrophy of which muscles?

Answer 7

RCPMinor RCPMajor

Question 8

Atrophy of RCPMinor leads to what?

Answer 8

Reduced proprioceptive output, which again destabilizes the postural balance

Question 9

Subjects with chronic neck pain and RCPMinor atrophy, have been shown to have a decrease in what?

Answer 9

Balance

Question 10

Hu showed that noxious stimulation of the rectus capitis posterior muscles cause reflex EMG activity in distal muscles including…?

Answer 10

Trapezius and masseter

Question 11

RCPMinor dysfunction (atrophy) leads to what?

Answer 11

Increased pain perception, reduced proprioceptive input, reflexively affecting other cervical and jaw muscles

Question 12

A common feature of respiratory alkalosis is what?

Answer 12

Problems with balance

Question 13

Attempts to restore balance should add what other options than just balance exercises and why?

Answer 13

Breathing retraining due to alkalosis often being a problem

Question 14

What processes are involved if there is sensitization?

Answer 14

The dorsal horn of the spinal cord and/or the brain becoming increasingly irritated, with its threshold reduced

Question 15

What is a probable cause if pain is increasing instead of decreasing and gradually spreads?

Answer 15

Sensitization

Question 16

What commonly happens with movement when central sensitization occurs?

Answer 16

Is limited due to pain and a degree of anxiety and ‘pain behavior’ starts, in which activities are reduced to avoid an increase in pain

Question 17

If sensitization occurs the C fibre is stimulated repeatedly at relative high frequency, what will happen when stimulation ceases?

Answer 17

It continues to deploarize (even when the stimulation has ceased)

Question 18

The general adaptation syndrome (GAS) consists of 3 stages, which?

Answer 18

The alarm reaction, the resistance phase, the exhaustion phase

Question 19

The alarm reaction in GAS is when?

Answer 19

Initial defense responses occur (fight or flight)

Question 20

The resistance phase lasts as long as?

Answer 20

Self-regulating mechanisms can maintain function

Question 21

What has happened when the body reaches the exhaustion phase? And what will happen at this stage?

Answer 21

Adaptation has failed, disease emerges

Question 22

Immobilization and disuse can result in a loss of muscle strength of how much per week?

Answer 22

10%

Question 23

Increased muscle tone leads to what metabolic effect?

Answer 23

Hypoxia

Question 24

What effect does hypoxia have on the muscles?

Answer 24

May increase rate of fatigue and discomfort

Question 25

An ischecmic environment is often associated with?

Answer 25

Trigger point formation

Question 26

What effect can increase of tone have on the local fluid levels?

Answer 26

Can lead to a degree of edema