Chapter 3: Reporting stations and the brain Flashcards
Ischemic or inflammatory events at receptor sites may have what effect on the proprioception?
Diminished proprioceptive sensitivity due to build up of metabolic by-products (mainly pain afferents)
Physical trauma can have what effect on the receptor axons?
Can lead to denervation, atrophy and loss of sensitivity in detecting movement, as well as altering firing rate
In forward head translation what happens to the position of the posterior atlas arch?
Space between occiput and axis nearly vanishes
EMG studies suggests that Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor does not fire during extension, but rather when…?
The head translates forwards
What is the main value of the Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor thought to be?
As a proprioceptive monitor of the cervical spine and head
In elderly there seems to be a shift in balance systems, what is thought to happen?
Shift in emphasis from vestibular reflexes to cervical reflexes in maintaining balance
Hallgren found that some individuals with chronic neck pain exhibited fatty degeneration and atrophy of which muscles?
RCPMinor RCPMajor
Atrophy of RCPMinor leads to what?
Reduced proprioceptive output, which again destabilizes the postural balance
Subjects with chronic neck pain and RCPMinor atrophy, have been shown to have a decrease in what?
Balance
Hu showed that noxious stimulation of the rectus capitis posterior muscles cause reflex EMG activity in distal muscles including…?
Trapezius and masseter
RCPMinor dysfunction (atrophy) leads to what?
Increased pain perception, reduced proprioceptive input, reflexively affecting other cervical and jaw muscles
A common feature of respiratory alkalosis is what?
Problems with balance
Attempts to restore balance should add what other options than just balance exercises and why?
Breathing retraining due to alkalosis often being a problem
What processes are involved if there is sensitization?
The dorsal horn of the spinal cord and/or the brain becoming increasingly irritated, with its threshold reduced
What is a probable cause if pain is increasing instead of decreasing and gradually spreads?
Sensitization
What commonly happens with movement when central sensitization occurs?
Is limited due to pain and a degree of anxiety and ‘pain behavior’ starts, in which activities are reduced to avoid an increase in pain
If sensitization occurs the C fibre is stimulated repeatedly at relative high frequency, what will happen when stimulation ceases?
It continues to deploarize (even when the stimulation has ceased)
The general adaptation syndrome (GAS) consists of 3 stages, which?
The alarm reaction, the resistance phase, the exhaustion phase
The alarm reaction in GAS is when?
Initial defense responses occur (fight or flight)
The resistance phase lasts as long as?
Self-regulating mechanisms can maintain function
What has happened when the body reaches the exhaustion phase? And what will happen at this stage?
Adaptation has failed, disease emerges
Immobilization and disuse can result in a loss of muscle strength of how much per week?
10%
Increased muscle tone leads to what metabolic effect?
Hypoxia
What effect does hypoxia have on the muscles?
May increase rate of fatigue and discomfort
An ischecmic environment is often associated with?
Trigger point formation
What effect can increase of tone have on the local fluid levels?
Can lead to a degree of edema
