Chapter 2: Muscles

Question 1

People who ‘overbreathe’ or who have a marked upper chest breathing patterns, automatically do what?

Answer 1

Exhale more carbon dioxide (CO2) than is appropriate for their current metabolic needs.

Question 2

What does excessive ‘overbreathing’ lead to?

Answer 2

Respiratory alkalosis

Question 3

What is the Bohr effect?

Answer 3

Rise in alkalinity increases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

Question 4

What does the Bohr effect lead to?

Answer 4

The hemoglobin molecules binds more firmly to the oxygen it is carrying, releasing it less efficiently, which leads to hypoxia

Question 5

How are muscles affected by alkalosis?

Answer 5

Become prone to fatigue, altered function, cramp and trigger point evolution

Question 6

Loss of CO2 ions from neurones stimulates neuronal activity, causing… what?

Answer 6

Increased sensory and motor discharges, muscular tension and spasm, speeding of spinal reflexes, heightened perception (pain, photophobia, hyperacusis), and other sensory disturbances.

Question 7

Hodges & Gandevia reported that after approximately 60 seconds of overbreathing, the postural and phasic functions of both…. which muscles are reduced and absent

Answer 7

Diaphragm and transversus abdominis

Question 8

What is the original main function of the scaleni? Is it phasic or postural?

Answer 8

Phasic

Question 9

Scaleni can have postural demands thrust upon it, if overuse continues, what will happen to this muscle?

Answer 9

It becomes a postural muscle, and more postural (type 1) fibers may develop to meet the situation

Question 10

Among the more important postural muscles that become hypertonic in response to dysfunction are? (For upper body)

Answer 10

Trapezius (upper, sternocleidomastoideus, levator scapulae and upper aspects of pectoralis major, and flexors of arm

Question 11

Among the more important postural muscles that become hypertonic in response to dysfunction are? (For lower trunk)

Answer 11

Quadratus lumborum, erector spinae, obliquus abdominals, iliopsoas

Question 12

Among the more important postural muscles that become hypertonic in response to dysfunction are? (for lower extremity)

Answer 12

Tensor fascia latae, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, adductors, piriformis, semimembranosus, semitendinosus

Question 13

What are some of the common phasic muscles which weaken in response to dysfunction?

Answer 13

Paravertebral muscles (not erector spinae), scalenii, deep neck flexors, deltoideus, abdominals, lower aspect of pectoralis major, middle and lower aspect of trapezius, rhomboideus, serratus anterior, rectus abdominis, gluteals, peroneal muscles and the extensors of the arm

Question 14

Janda seperates muscle dysfunction into a variety of different treatment-specific categories that are either?

Answer 14

Neuromuscular or connective tissue related

Question 15

Muscle spasm is defined as?

Answer 15

Neuromuscular phenomenon relating either to an upper motor neuron disease or an acute reaction to pain or tissue injury, which is involuntary

Question 16

A contracture differs from a contraction in that?

Answer 16

It is involuntary and that activation of the myofibrils is prolonged in the abscense of action potential activity

Question 17

The upper and deep cervical flexor muscles (type 2) have been shown to… in subjects with neck pain and headache?

Answer 17

Lose their endurance capacity

Question 18

When testing for activity in the deep flexor muscles, it has been found that patients with neck pain tend to substitute with…… to achieve the desired position of the neck?

Answer 18

The superficial flexor muscles (sternocleidomastoideus and scaleni)

Question 19

The posterior suboccipital muscles, which control the position of the head, have been shown to atrophy in patients with chronic neck pain. The synergistic function of these muscles may be lost so that other muscles, such as…….. substitute for the suboccipital muscles during functional movements

Answer 19

Upper trapezius and levator scapulae

Question 20

Force from the biceps femoris muscle can lead to increased tension of the sacrotuberous ligament in various ways. Since increased tension of the sacrotuberous ligament diminishes the range of sacroiliac joint motion, the biceps femoris can…?

Answer 20

Play a role in stabilization of the SIJ