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Anatomy & Physiology I > Chapter 3 Quiz- Cell Biology > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Quiz- Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the building blocks to all organisms?

A

Cells

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2
Q

What are the common features of cells?

A

Plasma Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

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3
Q

What is the outer boundary of the cell?

A

Plasma Membrane

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4
Q

What is located between the plasma membrane and nucleus?

A

Cytoplasm

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5
Q

What is the selectively permeable barrier called?

A

Plasma Membrane

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6
Q

What contains organelles?

A

Cytoplasm

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7
Q

What is the control center of the cell?

A

Nucleus

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8
Q

What contains DNA?

A

The Nucleus

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9
Q

What does the Plasma Membrane consist of?

A

Lipids- form a flexible lipid bi-layer
Proteins float through the fluid membrane
Surface Carbohydrates form Glycocalyx

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10
Q

What do cell junctions do?

A

They help to hold cells together

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11
Q

What model shows the plasma membrane composed of a double layer of lipids with proteins dispersed in it?

A

Fluid Mosaic Model

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12
Q

What are the five functions of the plasma membrane?

A
  1. Mechanical Barrier- separates intracellular fluid from extracellular fluid
  2. Selective Permeability- determines what goes in and out
  3. Electrochemical Gradient- generates and helps maintain the electrochemical gradient (charge difference) required for muscle and neuron functions
  4. Communication- allows cell-cell recognition and interaction
  5. Cell Signaling- membrane proteins interact with specific chemical messengers and relay messages to the cell interior
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13
Q

What forms the basic structure of the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipids

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14
Q

What are the two types of phospholipids?

A

Polar and Nonpolar

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15
Q

What are Polar (hydrophillic heads)

A

Attracted to water

Facing water in the interior and exterior of the cell

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16
Q

What are Nonpolar (hydrophobic) heads?

A

Repel water

Facing each other (towards interior of the membrane)

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17
Q

What happens when there is more cholesterol in the membrane?

A

The membrane becomes less fluid=stiff

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18
Q

What are the two types of plasma membrane proteins?

A

Integral and Peripheral

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19
Q

What are Integral Proteins?

A

Extend deep into the membrane

Usually from one surface to another (transmembrane)

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20
Q

What are Peripheral Proteins?

A

Attached to inner or outer surfaces of the lipid bi-layer

Functioning depends on 3-D shape and chemical characteristics (as most proteins)

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21
Q

What are the five functions of the plasma membrane (MATER)

A 
Marker Molecules
Attachment Proteins
Transport Proteins
Enzymes
Receptor Proteins
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22
Q

What are Marker (Recognition) Molecules?

A

Glycoproteins and Glycolipids

Allow cells to identify each other or other molecules

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23
Q

What are Attachment Proteins?

A

May attach to the cytoskeleton
May attach to the extracellular matrix (fibers and other substances around the cell)
May bind adjacent cells together

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24
Q

What are Transport Proteins?

A

Span the membrane
Some provide a channel across the membrane that is selective for a particular solute
Some break down ATP as an energy source to actively pump substances across the membrane

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25
Q

What are the 3 major types of Transport Proteins

A

Channel Proteins
Carrier Proteins
ATP Powered Pumps

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26
Q

How do channel proteins work?

A

Form passageways through plasma membrane

Allow specific molecules/ions to enter/exit the cell

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27
Q

What are the types of channel proteins?

A

Non- gated (Leak) ion channel
Always open
Responsible for permeability to ions when plasma membrane is at rest
Gated ion channels
Opened/closed by stimuli
Ligand- gated ion channels
Responds (open) when chemical signals (ligands) bind to the chemical
Voltage- gated ion channels
Respond (open) when there is a change in the membrane potential (electrical charges) across the plasma membrane.

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28
Q

What is Ligand?

A

Any chemical signal measure used by the cells to communicate with each other

29
Q

How do carrier proteins work?

A

Integral proteins that move ions from one side of membrane to the other
Each carrier transports specific molecules such as sugars and amino acids
Binding of specific ion/molecules to the other side
Then carrier protein resumes original shape and is available to transport more ions/molecules

30
Q

What are the types of carrier proteins?

A

Uniporter- one particle
Symporters- two particles in the same direction at the same time
Antiporters- two particles in opposite directions at the same time

31
Q

How do ATP Powered pumps work?

A

Move specific ions/molecules across the membrane

Work similar to carrier protein but requires ATP

32
Q

What are Receptor Proteins?

A

Exposed to the outside of the cell
Have binding sites for specific chemical messengers (ligands) (i.e. hormones, neurotransmitter)
Initiates a chain of chemical reactions in the interior of the cell
Signal Transduction

33
Q

What are the 2 types of Receptor Proteins?

A

Receptors linked to channel properties

Receptors linked to G- proteins

34
Q

How do Receptors linked to channel properties work?

A

Attachment of specific ligand (chemical) to receptors

Receptor changes shape— channel opens/closes

35
Q

What is the best example of Receptors Linked to Channel Proteins work?

A

Acetylcholine released from nerve cells combines with receptors of skeletal muscle cells
Opens Na+ channels in plasma membrane
Na+ diffuses into skeletal muscle cells
Triggers events that cause muscles to contract

36
Q

How do Receptors Linked to G- Proteins work?

A

Indirectly cause intracellular changes by activating G proteins located on the inner surface of the plasma membrane
Leads to production of a second messenger in the cytoplasm
Which stimulates a cellular response
E.g. production of Insulin
Consists of Alpha, Beta and Gamma proteins

37
Q

What are Enzymes?

A

Catalyze (speed-up) reactions on inner/outer surface of plasma membrane
Example: Enzymes on surface of small intestines cells break peptides (small proteins) into amino acids– absorbed into the blood

38
Q

What are the plasma membranes Carbohydrates made up of?

A

Glycocalx- consists of glycoproteins and glycolipids

39
Q

What are the plasma membranes Carbohydrates use?

A

Form a carb rich area at the outer cell surface (sugar- coated)
Provides highly specific markers by which cells recognize each other

40
Q

What allows the immune system to recognize self vs nonself?

A

The markers of the carbohydrates

41
Q

What are the two basic methods of transport?

A

Passive and Active

42
Q

What is passive membrane transport?

A

Requires no energy input

43
Q

What is active membrane transport?

A

Energy (ATP) needed

44
Q

What are the 3 types of passive transport?

A

Simple Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis

45
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The natural movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration (down a concentration gradient)

46
Q

What is Simple Diffusion affected by?

A
  1. Concentration- up difference between 2 areas up speed
  2. Temperature pf a solution up temp up speed
  3. Molecular Size- up size down speed
    Diffusion of oxygen from the blood into the cells
47
Q

What is Facilitated Diffusion?

A

Requires a protein carrier or channel

Examples: Glucose, Amino Acids & Ions

48
Q

What is Osmosis? And how does the water move?

A

Net diffusion of WATER (solvent) across a selectively permeable membrane
Water diffuses across plasma membrane
through a lipid bi layer
or through specific water channels called Aquaporins
The water moves from an area of low solute (high water) concentration to high solute (low water concentration)

49
Q

What is Tonicity?

A

The ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by altering the cells’ internal water volume

50
Q

What is an Isotonic Solution?

A

The solution has the same concentration as inside the cell so volume remains unchanged

51
Q

What is a Hypertonic Solution?

A

The solution has a higher solute concentration than inside the cell so water flows out into cell resulting in the cell shrinking

52
Q

What is a Hypotonic Solution?

A

The solution has lower solute concentration than inside the cell so water flows into the cell resulting in the cell swelling

53
Q

What is Lysis?

A

When the cell bursts due to too much water in the cell as a result of a Hypotonic solution

54
Q

What is Crenation?

A

When the cell shrinks

55
Q

Why is it important to use an Isotonic solution when administering blood to a patient?

A

Because the large volume changes caused by water movement disrupts normal cell function

56
Q

What happens in Active Transport?

A

Substances are moved against a concentration gradient (low to high concentration)

57
Q

What two things does active transport require?

A

Energy or ATP

ATP powered pumps

58
Q

What are the two major active transport processes?

A

Active Transport

Vesicular Transport

59
Q

What are the types of active transport?

A

Primary Active, Secondary Active & Vesicular Transport

60
Q

What is Primary Active transport?

A

Required energy uses directly from ATP
Required energy is obtained indirectly by energy stored in concentration gradients of ions created by primary active transport pumps
Energy from ATP causes change in shape of transport protein
Shape change causes solute (ions) bound to proteins to be pumped across membrane

61
Q

What are coupled systems?

A

Move more than one substance at the same time

62
Q

What is a Sodium Potassium pump

A

Antiporter that simultaneously carries sodium ions (Na+) out of & Potassium ions (K+) into the cell
Essential for normal transmission of electrical impulses by nerve & muscle tissues.

63
Q

What is Secondary transport?

A

Active transport of an ion (such as sodium) out of a cell that establishes concentration gradient
Movement of ions back into the cell indirectly provides the energy to move a different ion/molecule into the cell
Example: Glucose Transport in Kidneys (Symporter)

64
Q

What is Vesicular Active membrane transport?

A

The movement of larger volumes of substances across the plasma membrane through the formation or release of vesicles, membrane bound sacs in cytoplasm

65
Q

What are the two types of Vesicular Transport?

A

Endocytosis & Exocytosis

66
Q

What is Endocytosis?

A

When materials transported into the cell in protein coated vesicles
Receptors for substance being pulled in
Some pathogens are capable of hijacking receptors for transport into cell

67
Q

What are the types of Endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis- “cell eating” (bacteria, dead cells)
Phocytosis- “cell drinking” ( droplets of extracellular fluid) i.e. nutrient absorption in small intestines
Receptor mediated endocytosis- cell takes in specific target molecules such as enzymes, cholesterol, etc.

68
Q

What is Exocytosis?

A

Moves material out of the cell
Material is carried in a secretory vesicle to plasma membrane and released out of the cell
Examples: Hormone, Neurotransmitter secretion; Ejection of cellular waste

Anatomy & Physiology I (2 decks)

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