chapter 3 pt2

Question 1

what is an excitatory CS?

Answer 1

a CS that elicits a CR.
If a CS can predict the presence of the US, it will be excitatory.

Question 2

a conditioned inhibitor is also called…

Answer 2

An inhibitory CS

Question 3

what is An inhibitory CS?

Answer 3

it prevents the occurrence of a CR or reduces the size of the CR from what it would otherwise be.
If a CS cannot predict the presence of the US, it will be inhibitory.

Question 4

what did pavlov do?

Answer 4

discovered a fairly simple and effective procedure for changing a neutral stimulus into a conditioned inhibitor.

Question 5

what is generalization?

Answer 5

other, similar stimuli will also elicit CRs even though these other stimuli have never been paired with the US.

Question 6

what is the opposite of generalisation?

Answer 6

discrimination

Question 7

what is discrimination?

Answer 7

an individual learns to respond to one stimulus but not to a similar stimulus.

Question 8

what effects does the timing of the CS have on the US?

Answer 8

it affects:
-conditioning strength
-if the CS will be excitatory or inhibitory
-when the CR will happen

Question 9

what is short-delay conditioning?

Answer 9

the CS starts a second or so before the US thus making the strongest and fastest conditioning.

Question 10

what happens in simultaneous conditioning?

Answer 10

the CS and US start at the same time so CR is weaker than in short-delay conditioning.

this could be because if they start together, the learner may respond to the US and not notice the CS.

Question 11

what is trace conditioning?

Answer 11

the CS and US are
separated by some time interval in which neither stimulus is present.
The name reflects the idea that since the CS is no longer physically present when the US occurs, the learner must rely on a “memory trace” of the CS if conditioning is to occur.

Question 12

what is the CS–US interval?

Answer 12

the amount of time elapsing between CS and US presentations

Question 13

what is long-delay conditioning?

Answer 13

the CS begins several
seconds before the US, and continues until the US is presented.
here, the CS–US interval is the delay between the onsets of the CS and US.
also the strength of the CR decreases as the CS–US interval increases, but the effects of delay are usually not as pronounced as in trace conditioning because the learner does not have to rely on memory of the CS.

Question 14

what did Pavlov note about how the timing of the CRs changed over trials?

Answer 14

the stimulus that is the best predictor of the US will be the most strongly conditioned.

Question 15

what is backward conditioning?

Answer 15

the CS is presented after the US. Even if the CS is presented immediately after the US, the level of conditioning is lower than in simultaneous or short-delay conditioning.

Question 16

how does backward conditioning show a limitation of the contiguity principle?

Answer 16

Besides their temporal proximity, the order of the stimuli is important.
Although backward conditioning may result in a weak excitatory association, there is evidence that after more trials, a backward CS becomes inhibitory. ( Siegel & Domjan, 1971 ).

Question 17

Who discovered the temporal coding hypothesis?

Answer 17

Arcediano, Escobar, & Miller, 2005 ; Matzel, Held, & Miller, 1988

Question 18

what is the temporal coding hypothesis?

Answer 18

that in classical conditioning, more is learned than a simple association between CS and US—the individual also learns about the timing of these two events, and this learning affects when the CR occurs.

Question 19

explain Rescorla’s (1966 , 1968) experiments

Answer 19

they showed how the probability of the US in
the presence and absence of the CS combine to determine the strength of the CR.
-conditioned suppression with rats,
-CS= 2-minute tone that was presented at random intervals.
-condition 1= 40% chance of shock after tone and a 20% chance of shock without tone. Tone became excitatory CS.
-condition 2= the probability
of shock was the same with and without tone. the rats showed no suppression at all to the tone.
-condition 3= the probability of shock was lower when the tone was on than when it was off; so the tone signaled a relative level of safety from shock. in this case the tone became an inhibitory CS.
-conclusion= correlation between CS and US is an important variable in classical conditioning.

If a CS predicts that the US is likely to occur, the CS will become excitatory; if the CS predicts that the US is not likely to occur, the CS will become inhibitory.

Question 20

what was Rescorla’s conclusion?

Answer 20

-positive CS and US correlation (the CS predicts a higher-than-
normal probability of the US),= excitatory CS.
-no CS and US correlation (the probability of the US is the same whether or not the CS is present)= neutral CS.
-negative CS and US correlation between is (the CS signals a lower-than-normal probability of the US)= inhibitory CS.

Question 21

what is second-order
conditioning?

Answer 21

a CR is transferred from one CS to another.

a second-order CS gets its ability to elicit a CR by being paired with a first-order CS.

Question 22

Baeyens, Eelen, Van den Bergh, & Crombez, 1992 experiment with words and faces….

Answer 22

negative & positive words were paired with faces.
words = first order CS
faces= second order CS

Question 23

what is systematic desensitization?

Answer 23

a treatment for phobias that arose directly out of laboratory research on classical conditioning.
the patient is exposed to the phobic object gradually, so that fear and discomfort are kept to a minimum and extinction is allowed to occur.

Question 24

what did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner (1921) do?

Answer 24

traumatised a baby with a white rat.
it generalised to a white rabbit and to other white furry objects including a ball of cotton
and a Santa Claus mask.
where tf where his parents?

showed that fear can be gotten through classical conditioning.

Question 25

important ppl in fear are…

Answer 25

Duits et al., 2015- People who are more anxious and shyer are more likely to acquire phobias, and show much greater generalization from a fear-inducing CS to similar stimuli.

Mineka & Zinbarg, 2006- early learning histories can either be protective or increase vulnerability to phobias
-phobias can be socially transmitted. Seeing someone else have a phobic response can generate a phobia in the person witnessing the reaction.

Jones, Riha, Gore, & Monfils, 2014- Social transmission of fear has been found in nonhuman primates and rodents as well.

Question 26

what is nocturnal enuresis?

Answer 26

bedwetting during sleep

Question 27

how did Mowrer and Mowrer (1938 ) cure nocturnal enuresis?

Answer 27

the bell-and-pad method.
The pad, a water-detecting device, is placed beneath the
child’s sheets; a single drop of urine will activate the device and ring the bell to wake up the child.
The child is instructed in advance to turn off the alarm, go to the toilet and urinate, and then go back to sleep. The bell and pad are used every night until the problem disappears.

US= the bell
CS= full bladder
CR= awakening and/or tightening the muscles so as to retain one’s urine