Chapter 3 - Psychodynamic Theory

Question 1

Define:

Anal Stage

Answer 1

Freud’s concept of a personality type that expresses a fixation at the anal stafe of development and related to the world in terms of the wish for control or power.

Question 2

Define:

Anxiety

Answer 2

In psychoanalytic theory, a painful emotional experience that signals or alerts the ego to danger.

Question 3

Define:

Castration

Answer 3

The release and freeing of emotion through talking about one’s problems.

Question 4

Define:

Conscious

Answer 4

Those thoughts, experiences, and feelings of which we are aware.

Question 5

Define:

Death Instinct:

Answer 5

Freud’s concept for drives or sources of energy directed toward deth or a return to an inorganic state.

Question 6

Define:

Defense Mechanisms:

Answer 6

Freud’s concept for those mental strategies used by the person to reduce anxiety. They function to exclude fro mawareness some thought, wish, or feeling.

Question 7

Define:

Denial

Answer 7

A defense mechanism, emphasized by both Freud and Rogers, in which threaening deelings are not allowed into awareness.

Question 8

Define:

Ego

Answer 8

Freud’s structural concept for the part of the personality that attempts to satisfy drives [instincts] in accordance with reality and the person’s moral values.

Question 9

Define:

Energy System

Answer 9

Freud’s view of personality as involving the interplay among various forces or sources of energy.

Question 10

Define:

Erogenous Zones

Answer 10

According to Freud, those parts of the body that are the sources of tension or excitation.

Question 11

Define:

Free Association

Answer 11

In psychoanalysis, the patient’s reprtorting to the analyst of every thought that comes to mind.

Question 12

Define:

Genital Stage

Answer 12

In psychoanalytical theory, the stage of development associated the onset of puberty.

Question 13

Define:

Id

Answer 13

Freud’s structural concept for the source of the instincts or all the drive energy in people.

Question 14

Define:

Identification:

Answer 14

The acquisition, as characterisitcs of the self, of personality characteristis perceives to e part of others [ie. parents].

Question 15

Define:

Isolation

Answer 15

The defense mechanism in which emotion is isolated from the content of a painful impulse or memory.

Question 16

Define:

Latency Stage

Answer 16

In psychoanalytical theory, the stage following the phallic stage in which there is decrease in sexual urges and interest.

Question 17

Define:

Libido

Answer 17

The psychoanalytical tern for the energy associated frist with the sexual instricts and later with teh life instincts.

Question 18

Define:

Life Instinct

Answer 18

Freud’s concept for drives or sources of energy [libido] directed toward the preservation of life an sexual gratification.

Question 19

Define:

Mechanism

Answer 19

An intellectual movement of the 19th century that argued that basic principles of antural science could explain not only the behavior of physical objects but also human thought and action.

Question 20

Define:

Oedipus Complex

Answer 20

Freud’s concept expressing a boy’s sexual attraction to the mother and fear of castration by the father, who is seen as a rival.

Question 21

Define:

Oral Stage

Answer 21

Freud’s concept of a personaslity type that expresses a fixation a the oral stage of development and relates to the world in terms of the wish to be fed or to swallow.

Question 22

Define:

Penis Envy

Answer 22

In psychoanalytical theory, the female’s envy of the male’s possession of a penis.

Question 23

Define:

Perception without Awareness

Answer 23

Unconscious perception or perception of a stimulus without conscous awareness of such perception.

Question 24

Define:

Perceptual Defense

Answer 24

The process of learned behaviors, viewed by Bandura as dependen ton rewards, in contrast with th acquisition of new behaviros, which is seen as independent of reward.

Question 25

Define:

Phallic Stage

Answer 25

Freud’s concept for that period of life during which excitation or tension begins to be centered in the genitals and during which there is an attraction to the parents of the opposite sex.

Question 26

Define:

Pleasure Principle

Answer 26

According to Freud, psychological functioning based on the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain.

Question 27

Define:

Preconscious

Answer 27

Freud’s thoughts for those thoughts, experiences, and feelings of which we are momentarily unaware but can readily bring into awareness.

Question 28

Define:

Primary Process

Answer 28

In psychoanalytical theory, a form of thinking that is governed not by logic or reality testing and that is seen in dreams and other expressions of the unconscious.

Question 29

Define:

Projection

Answer 29

The defense mechanism in which one attibutes to [projects onto] others one’s own expressions of the unconscious.

Question 30

Define:

Rationalization

Answer 30

The defense mechanism in which the opposite of an unacceptable impulse is expressed.

Question 31

Define:

Reaction Formation

Answer 31

The defense mechanism in which the opposite of an unacceptable impulse is expressed.

Question 32

Define:

Reality Principle

Answer 32

According to Freud, psychological functioning based on reality in which pleasure is delated until an optimum time.

Question 33

Define:

Repression

Answer 33

The primary defense mechanism in which a thought, idea, or wish is dismised from consciousness.

Question 34

Define:

Secondary Process

Answer 34

In psychoanalytical theory, a form of thinking that is governed y reality and associated with the development of the ego.

Question 35

Define:

Sublimation

Answer 35

The defense mechanism in which the original expression of the instinct is replaced by a higher cultural goal.

Question 36

Define:

Subliminal Psychodynamic Activation

Answer 36

The research procedure associated with psychoanalytic theory in which stimuli are presented below the perceptual thredhold [subliminally] to stimulate unconscious wishes and fears.

Question 37

Define

Superego

Answer 37

Freud’s structural concept for the part of personality the expresses our ideals and moral values.

Question 38

Define:

Unconscious

Answer 38

Those thoughts, experiences, and feelings of which we are unaware. According to Freud, this unawareness is the result of repression.

Question 39

Define:

Undoing

Answer 39

The defense mechanism in which one magically undoes an act or wish associated with anxiety.

Question 40

The Interpretation of Dreams?

Answer 40

• Published in 1900.
• Basic structures & working principles of the human psyche.

Question 41

The Mind as an Energy System?

Answer 41

• Freud.
• The mind is a system that contains and directs instinctual drives.

Question 42

Freud’s 3 Key Ideas on Mental Energy?

Answer 42

1. There is a limited amount of energy.
2. Energy can be blocked but does not ‘just go away’, instead it gets expressed in some other manner along a path of least resistance.
3. The mind functions to achieve a state of quiscene.

Question 43

Case of Anna O?

Answer 43

• Bizarre symptoms whose biological casues could not be determined, such as partial paralysis, blurred vision, persistent cough, & difficulty conversing in her native language.
• ## “Hysterical symptoms”.

Question 44

Define:

Catharsis

Answer 44

• a release and freeing of emotions by talking about one’s problems.

Question 45

2 Implications of Catharsis?

Answer 45

1. Mind is an energy system.
2. The mind has more than one part:
   - a region of ideas of which people are consciously aware.
   - a more mysterious, hidden region = unconscious.

Question 46

What was Freud’s View of the Person?

Answer 46

• People are good, society corrupts them.
• Psychoanalysis = sexual & aggressive drives are an inborn part of human nature.
• Individuals function on a pleasure principle.
• Society teaches kids biologically natural drives are socially unacceptable.

Question 47

Define:

Preconsious Level

Answer 47

• contains mental contents of which we easily could become aware if we attended to them.

Question 48

Freud & Dreams?

Answer 48

• Manifest content = the storyline of a dream. These are wish fufillment.
• Latent content = unconsious ideas, emotions, and dribes that are manifested in a dream’s storyline. These are unconscous wishes.

Question 49

The Motivated Unconscious?

Answer 49

• Mind we do not have access to.
• Trauma repression.

Question 50

Define:

Subliminal Perception

Answer 50

• Research that is focuses on perception without awareness.

Question 51

Define:

What year did Freud present the Id, Ego, & Superego?

Answer 51

• 1923.

Question 52

Define:

Hysteria

Answer 52

• Refers to a disorder in which people experience physical symptoms that are caused by emotional problems rather than disability and such.

Question 53

Freud’s view of the Science of Personality?

Answer 53

• He did not use any methods to justify his reaction essentially, he ignored science.

Question 54

Psychoanalytical vs. Cognitive View?

Answer 54

• Psychoanalytical = (1) emphasis on illogical, irrational unconscious processes, (2) content emphases on motives and wishes, (3) and emphasis on motivated aspects of unconsious functioning.
• Cognitive: (1) absence of fundamental difference between conscious and unconscious processes, (2) content emphasis on thoughts, (3) and focus on nonmotivated aspects of unconscious functioning.

Psychoanalytical tend to focus more on emotions & conflict, whereas cognitive focuses more on thoughts and how we process information.

Question 55

Erik Erikson’s 8 Stages of Development?

Answer 55

1. Basic Trust vs. Mistrust = 1 year.
2. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt = 2-3 years.
3. Initiative vs. Guilt = 4-5 years.
4. Industry vs. Inferiority = latency.
5. Identity vs. Role Diffusion = adolescene.
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation = early adulthood.
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation = adulthood.
8. Integrity vs. Despair = later years.

Question 56

Erik Erikson’s Beliefs?

Answer 56

• Development was not merely psychosexual but also psychosocial.
• Proposed 8 stages rather than 4 [Freud].