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NURS 471 > Chapter 3: Psychobiology and Psychopharmacology > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Psychobiology and Psychopharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Unique second-generation medication, sometimes referred to as “third-generation”

A

aripiprazole

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2
Q

Which neurotransmitter imbalance occurs in a patient with schizophrenia?

A

a decrease in y-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

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3
Q

Which medical condition may exist when a patient exhibits mild symptoms of mania?

A

Graves’ disease

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4
Q

Which anomaly on a PET scan supports the diagnosis of depression?

A

increase in black areas

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5
Q

Which electrolyte must be monitored when administering Lithium?

A

sodium

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6
Q

Which neuromodulator is involved in regulating mood and anxiety?

A

substance P

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7
Q

Which preliminary finding is expected for a patient diagnosed with schizophrenia who is evaluated with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)?

A

decreased use of glucose in the frontal lobe

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8
Q

Which neurotransmitters are responsible for the hallucinations, anxiety, and altered thought processes experienced by a patient having a schizophrenic psychotic episode?

A

dopamine, norepinephrine, and GABA

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9
Q

Which neurotransmitter imbalance is associated with depression?

A

decreased serotonin, decreased dopamine, decreased norepinephrine and increased acetylcholine

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10
Q

What symptoms are assessed when a patient experiences anticholinergic side effects?

A

blurred vision, dry mouth, and constipation

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11
Q

What specific instruction would be given to prevent complications of diazepam owing to excessive central nervous system depression?

A

avoid consuming alcohol while on this drug

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12
Q

Which effect would a drug that enhances GABA receptor activity have on a patient?

A

sedation

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13
Q

Which neurotransmitter effect occurs with anxiolytic medication?

A

increases the effectiveness of GABA

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14
Q

Which neurotransmitters do circadian rhythms secrete?

A

norepinephrine and serotonin

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15
Q

What are the 3 physiological actions of neurons?

A

Responding to stimuli, conducting electrical impulses, and releasing neurotransmitters

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16
Q

Which mental health issues arise from decreased Dopamine levels?

A

parkinson’s and depression

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17
Q

Which neurotransmitters are affected in patients with depression?

A

decreased dopamine, decreased norepinephrine, and decreased serotonin

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18
Q

What may be seen in a patient with increased levels of dopamine?

A

schizophrenia and mania

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19
Q

Which disorder is seen when there is a decrease in norepinephrine?

A

depression

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20
Q

Which mental health issues may arise with an increase in norepinephrine?

A

mania, anxiety states, schizophrenia

21
Q

What a decrease in serotonin lead to?

A

depression

22
Q

What can an increase in histamines lead to?

A

sedation and weight gain

23
Q

If a patient has low GABA levels, which mental health issues may this patient experience?

A

anxiety, schizophrenia, mania, huntington’s disease

24
Q

Increased GABA levels will _________ anxiety levels

A

reduce

25
Q

What can a decrease in ACh lead to?

A

Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, Parkinson’s

26
Q

What can an increase in ACh be associated with?

A

depression

27
Q

What are the 4 main effects of dopamine?

A

Involved in fine motor movement
Involved in integration of emotions and thoughts
Involved in decision making
Stimulates the hypothalamus to release hormones

28
Q

What are the 3 main functions of seratonin?

A

plays a role in sleep regulation, hunger, mood states, and pain perception
Hormonal activity
Plays a role in aggression and sexual behavior

29
Q

What are the 3 ways that norepinephrine functions in the body?

A

level in the brain affects mood
Attention and arousal
stimulates sympathetic branch of autonomic nervous system for fight or flight

30
Q

What are the 3 roles that histamine has in the body?

A

involved in alertness
involved in inflammatory response
stimulates gastric acid secretions

31
Q

4 main roles of GABA

A

plays a role in inhibition; reduces aggression, excitation, and anxiety
May play a role in pain perception
Has anticonvulsant and muscle-relaxing properties
May impair cognition and psychomotor functioning

32
Q

What is the role of ACh in the body (3)?

A

Plays a role in learning and memory
stimulates parasympathetic branch of autonomic nervous system for “resting and digesting” actions
Affects sexual behavior and aggression

33
Q

What does a PET scan of an alzheimers disease patient look like?

A

a classic pattern of hypometabolism in the temporal and parietal regions of the brain

34
Q

Which brain scans can help confirm a schizophrenia diagnose?

A

CT, MRI, and PET scans

35
Q

If a PET scan shows Increased D2, D3 receptors in caudate nucleus and abnormalities in limbic system, what may the patient be presenting with?

A

schizophrenia

36
Q

What would be seen in an MRI of a patient with schizophrenia?

A

Enlarged ventricles
Reduction in temporal lobe and prefrontal lobe

37
Q

What will a CT of a schizophrenic patient show?

A

Cortical atrophy
Third ventricle enlargement

38
Q

Which receptor do benzodiazepines affect?

A

GABA

39
Q

How long does it take for antidepressants to have antianxiety effects?

A

4-8 weeks

40
Q

How do SSRIs work?

A

block the reuptake of serotonin thereby making more serotonin available in the synapse

41
Q

What are the 6 most common SSRIs?

A

fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), Paroxetine (Paxil), Citalopram (Celexa), escitalopram (Lexapro), and fluvoxamine (Luvox)

42
Q

Which SSRI causes insomnia and nervousness?

A

fluvoxamine

43
Q

Which SSRI causes the most GI distress?

A

sertraline

44
Q

Which SSRI will prolong the QT interval in a dose-dependent fashion?

A

Citalopram

45
Q

Which drug is a NaSSA?

A

Mirtazapine

46
Q

How do NaSSA meds work?

A

It enhances norepinephrine and serotonin neurotransmission by antagonizing both presynaptic α2 receptors and postsynaptic 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 receptors

47
Q

Which medication is a NDRI?

A

Buproprion (Wellbutrin)

48
Q

3 serious side effects of clozapine

A

agranulocytosis, myocarditis, and altered glucose metabolism.

NURS 471 (10 decks)

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