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Microbiology > Chapter 3: Prokaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Prokaryotic Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotes

A

unicelluarl; lack a membrane bound nucleus; lack membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

Monomorphic Bacteria

A

have one shape

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3
Q

Pleomorphic Bacteria

A

can take on different shapes/forms; this enhances their survival and appears to be important for transmission to a new human host

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4
Q

Prokaryote Sizes

A

rang from 0.2-750 micrometers in diameter; but average 0.5-2.0; mycoplasma species are some of the smallest; thiomargarita magnifica are some of the largest

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5
Q

Why are prokaryotes small?

A

surface area to volume ratio; they use diffision and a small size gives them a larger surface area voume ratio

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6
Q

Bacilli

A

singular: bacillus; rod shaped

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7
Q

Cocci

A

singular: coccus; spherical shape

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8
Q

Vibrio

A

comma shaped

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9
Q

Stella

A

star shaped

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10
Q

Coccobacilli

A

ovoid

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11
Q

Spirochetes

A

spiral shaped, corkscrew motion

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12
Q

Diplococci

A

paired cocci

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13
Q

Streptococci

A

chains of cocci

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14
Q

Staphylococci

A

grapelike clusters

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15
Q

Diplobacilli

A

paired bacili

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16
Q

Streptobacilli

A

chains of bacilli

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17
Q

Palisade

A

clusters of bacilli

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18
Q

Binary Fission

A

how prokaryotic cells reproduce; form of asexual reprduction which produces two “daughter” cloned cells

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19
Q

Steps of Binary Fission

A

DNA is copied; cell grows; copied chromosome is drawn to opposite ends of the cell’ septum (partition) begins to form at the midpoint;septum eventually walls off the resulting two daughter cells from one another

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20
Q

Extracellular structures

A

structures outside of the plasma membrane

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21
Q

Intracellular Structures

A

structures that lie within the boundary defined by the plasma membrane

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22
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

thin, flexible, phospholipid bilayer; selective barrier; proteins can constitue half of the plasma membrane mass; also a site for metabolic reactions (ETC) to make ATP

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23
Q

Selective Permeability

A

gases, water and small (nonchargged)substances can diffuse in and out of the cell; ions and larger polar substances require protein transporters to enter or exit a cell

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24
Q

Factors that Affect Fluidity of Plasma Membrane

A

temp (warm increase fluidity and cold reduce fluidity); fatty acid content (unsaturated fatty acid improve fluidity; saturated fatty acids are more rigid in cold)

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25
Q

Bacterial Plasma Membrane

A

linear fatty acids

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26
Q

Archeal Plasma Membranes

A

long branched fatty acids; certain archaea that live in extreme heat build lipid monolayers as opposed to lipid bilayers

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27
Q

Cell Wall of Bacteria

A

peptidoglycan as a core component of their cell walls; interchanging NAM and NAG that create a mesh like structure; LETS ANY thing thorugh NOT semipermeable

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28
Q

Cell Wall of Archeae

A

Pseudopeptidoglycan is core component

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29
Q

Gram Negative Bacteria Cell Wall

A

thin peptidoglycan layer; periplasmic space; outermembrane; contains lipopolysaccharid LPS; stain pink

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30
Q

Gram Positive Bacteria Cell Wall

A

thick peptidoglycan layer; lack an outer membrane; stain purple

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31
Q

Gram Negative Species in the Clinical Setting

A

typically harder to kill with chemical agents than gram positive; ourter membrane is a selective barrier tha guards against: damage to certain agents (lysozyme); variety of drugs; some detergents and disinfectants; contain porins

32
Q

Porin

A

protein channels that form a pore; nonspecific channels that allow substances to pass through the outer membrane; exclude large molecules and a variety of substances that may be harmful to the cell

33
Q

Pros and Cons of Gram Positive Cell Walls

A

Cons: more sensitive to compounds that interfere with peptidoglycan; Pros: retain moisture longer; provide protection from mechanical stresses; presence of teichoic acids (stabilize wall, help maintain shape, transporit cations, and air regulation of division)

34
Q

COMPARISON TABLE FOR GRAM POSITIVE AND NEG CELL WALL

35
Q

Acid Fast Staining

A

acid fast staining detects a waxy lipid called mycolic acid in cell walls; appear red follwing acid fast procedure; ex) Genera Nocardia and Mycobascterium; nutrients and gases do not readily cross the waxycell wall therefore acid fast bacteria grow slowly;

36
Q

Acid Fast Bacteria and Drugs

A

drugs do not easily corss the waxy cell wall therefore long and multidrug therapies in pateints infected with acid fast pathogens is necessary

37
Q

Mycoplasma Species

A

lack a cell wall; contain a sterol enriched plasma membrane; normally live inside other cells; pleomorphic

38
Q

L-Form Bacteria

A

had a cell wall and then lost it; may contribute to persistent infections since many antibiotics target cell wall structures (and they can kinda hide); resistant to certain environmental stresses (boiling autoclaving)

39
Q

Diffusion

A

the PASSIVE movement of substances from areas of high concentration to areas of concentration;

40
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

small noncharged molecules, gases and lipid soluble substances enter and exit cells

41
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

moves substacnces along their concentration gradient with the help of membrane proteins; channel proteins and carrier proteins;

42
Q

Osmosis

A

occurs as water is attracted to solute an dmoves from area of low solute to high solute; aka diffusion of water

43
Q

Hypertonic Solution

A

cause cells to lose water to their environment ; plasmolysis results whe the plasma membrane withdraws from the cell

44
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A

cause cells to gain water from the environment; osmotic lysis occurs if the bacteria cell wall is damaged or missing

45
Q

What are the three types of active transport prokaryotes use?

A

primary active transport; secondary active transport; and phosphotransferase systems

46
Q

Primary Active Transport

A

usues ATP to drive transport

47
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A

uses an ion gradient to drive transport; coupled transport or co-transport; symport, antiport

48
Q

Symport

A

ions and solute flow in the same direction

49
Q

Antiport

A

ions and solute flow in the opposite direction

50
Q

Phosphotransferase Systems

A

group translocation; high energy phosphate is transferred from a substrate onto the substance being transported; commonly used to import glucose in cell; eukaryotes only perform endocytosis

51
Q

Flagella

A

use one or more for motility’ filament like extracellular structure built from a protein called flagellin; works like a rotary propellor that spins from a rod and ring strucutre embedded in the cell wall; rotates 360 degrees not whip like

52
Q

Gram Positive Bacteria Flagella

A

possess two rings to secure the flagellum

53
Q

Gram Negative Bacteria Flagella

A

posses four rings used for anchoring

54
Q

Run and Tumble System

A

allows the cell to sense its environment and change direction; clockwise rotation of flagella results in tumble and counterclockwise results in a run; tumble used ot sense

55
Q

Chemotaxis

A

movement in response to a chemical stimulus

56
Q

Phototaxis

A

movement in response to light

57
Q

Aerotaxis

A

movement in response to oxygen levels

58
Q

Monotrichous

A

single flagellum

59
Q

Lophotrichouse

A

tuft or cluster of flagella at one poleA

60
Q

Amphitrichous

A

flagella at both poles of the cell

61
Q

Peritrichous

A

flagella all over the cell surface

62
Q

Periplasmic Flagella

A

located in the space between the plasma membrane and the cell wall; normally found in spirochetes to move in a corkscrew motion

63
Q

Fimbriae

A

short, bristle-like protein structure that extrude from the cell surface; adhesive properties help prokaryotes stick to surfaces or to each other for establishing biofilms; common in gram negative bacteria

64
Q

Pili

A

similar to fimbriae, except that they tend to be longer, more rigid, and less numerous; used to adhere to surfaces and aid in gene transfer via conjugation (sex pili)

65
Q

Glycocalyx

A

a sticky carbohydrate-enriched layer; helps bacteria stick to host tissues or surfaces, protects from desiccation; offers some protection against antibiotics and typical disinfection

66
Q

Slime Layer

A

unorganized and loosely associated glycocalyx

67
Q

Capsule

A

well-organized, tightly associated glycocalyx

68
Q

Prokaryotes still have intracellular structures such as

A

cytoplasm; most biochemical reactions occur in the cytoplasm; and inclusions used for storage

69
Q

Nucleoid

A

prokaryotic DNA is organized in a single, circular chromosome located in the nucleoid region of the cell

70
Q

Ribosomes

A

made of RNA and protein; build proteins by linking amino acids; prokaryotic 70S ribosomes are made of 2 subunits (large subunit 50S and small subunit 30S); dont add to 70 because the measurements are sediment not mass

71
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

composed of long protein filaments and provide structure and support

72
Q

Inclusion Bodies

A

distinct collections of substances inside prokaryotic cells; insoluble granuels; sometimes bound in a membrane; used to store useful substances; ex) carboxysomes (contain carbon fixing enzymes) and magnetosomes (accumulate magnetic iron)

73
Q

Endospores

A

metabolically inactive structures that allow certain cells to enter a dormant state; highly resistant to environmental stresses (starvation, heat, drying, freezing , radiation); when conditions become favorable, spores germinate back into vegetative cells (actively growing cells)

74
Q

Medically relevant species that make endospores in the genuses….

A

bacillus, clostridium, and clostridioides

75
Q

Sporulation and Steps

A

process of forming a spore; 1) copy DNA; 2) packaging DNA, ribosomes, and special enzymes into the spore coat; 3) surround the spore core with several heat and chemical resistant layers; 4) release

Microbiology (9 decks)

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