chapter 3 (process, skills, and pitfalls of counselling)

Question 1

counselling

Answer 1

empowerment process of helping clients to learn skills, deal with feelings, increase insight, and manage problems.

Question 2

interviewing

Answer 2

acquiring and organizing relevant information using active listening skills, including attending, silence, paraphrasing, summarizing, questioning, and empathy

Question 3

psychotherapy

Answer 3

advanced counselling targeting severe emotional or behavioural difficulties or disorders.

Question 4

diversity

Answer 4

variations in terms of lifestyle, culture, behaviour, sexual orientation, age, ability, religion, and other factors.

Question 5

versatility

Answer 5

the need for counsellors to develop a broad range of skills so they can adapt their approach to fit the distinctive complexities of each individual and context.

Question 6

skill and strategy clusters

Answer 6

categories of skills and strategies based on their intended purpose or helping activity

Question 7

relationship-building skills and strategies

Answer 7

tools for engaging clients and developing trust

Question 8

core conditions

Answer 8

warmth, empathy, positive regard, and genuineness

Question 9

congruence

Answer 9

the capacity to be real and consistent with clients; matching behaviour, feelings, and actions

Question 10

genuineness

Answer 10

measure of how authentic or real someone is in a relationship

Question 11

empathy

Answer 11

the process of accurately understanding the emotional perspective of another person and the communication of this understanding without imposing one’s own feelings or reactions

Question 12

positive regard

Answer 12

the ability of counsellors to recognize the inherent worth of people

Question 13

active listening

Answer 13

a term describing a cluster of skills that are used to increase the accuracy of understanding. attending, using silence, paraphrasing, summarizing, questioning, and showing empathy are the basic skills of active listening.

Question 14

attending

Answer 14

term used to describe the way that counsellors communicate to their clients that they are ready, willing, and able to listen. verbal, nonverbal, and attitudinal cues are the essence of effective attending.

Question 15

silence

Answer 15

tool used in counselling when the client is thinking, the client is confused and unsure of what to say or do, or the client has encountered painful feelings. because it is culturally defined, silence can also signal trust issues or closure.

Question 16

paraphrasing

Answer 16

nonjudgmental restatement of the client;s words and ideas in the counsellor’s own words.

Question 17

summarizing

Answer 17

a way of condensing content

Question 18

questioning

Answer 18

active listening skill that involves probing for information to confirm understanding and seek clarification

Question 19

relationship contracting

Answer 19

negotiating the intended purpose of the counselling relationship, including agreeing on the expected roles of both counsellor and client.

Question 20

sessional contracting

Answer 20

agreement between counsellor and client regarding the topic and expected outcomes of an interview or session

Question 21

anticipatory contracting

Answer 21

agreement between counsellor and client that plans for predictable events. guidance for counsellors and answers the question: what should i do if…?

Question 22

immediacy

Answer 22

tool for exploring, evaluating, and deepening counselling relationships

Question 23

exploring and probing skills

Answer 23

skills counsellors use to gather information, clarify definitions, seek examples, and obtain necessary detail.

Question 24

directives

Answer 24

short statements that provide direction to clients on topics, information, and pace (ex: tell me more).

Question 25

simple encouragers

Answer 25

short phrases and gestures such as “tell me more,” “go on,” and head nodding that encourages clients to continue with their stories.

Question 26

counsellor self-disclosure

Answer 26

disclosure of personal opinions, feelings, or anecdotes by counsellors. can be a useful tool that models appropriate sharing, and it ,ight normalize the client’s feelings or experience. counsellor self-disclosure should be used sparingly, solely to meet the needs of clients in a way that does not shift the focus to the counsellor.

Question 27

humour

Answer 27

counselling tool that when used appropriately and well-timed, may support the development of the relationship, reduce tension, a courage clients to take a lighter view of their problems, or provide an alternative perspective on their situation.

Question 28

empowering skills

Answer 28

skills used to help clients mobilize confidence, self-esteem, and control over their lives.

Question 29

strengths approach

Answer 29

a counselling perspective that assumes the inherent capacity of people. individuals and communities are seen to have assets ad resources that can be mobilized for problem-solving.

Question 30

challenging skills

Answer 30

skills used to encourage clients to critically evaluate their behaviour and ideas

Question 31

confrontation

Answer 31

counselling initiatives that challenge clients to critically examine their actions and/or consider other viewpoints

Question 32

self-awareness

Answer 32

the process of becoming alert and knowledgeable about one’s own way of thinking, acting, and feeling.

Question 33

action planning

Answer 33

helping clients make changes in their lives; involves setting goals, identifying strategies for change, and developing plans for reaching goals.

Question 34

phases of counselling

Answer 34

preliminary, beginning, action, ending

Question 35

catharsis

Answer 35

an emotional release of feelings about past or current events that results in a powerful release of pent-up feelings such as anxiety or anger.

Question 36

pseudo-counselling (the illusion of work)

Answer 36

a process in which the worker and the client engage in a conversation that is empty and has no real meaning. this counselling involves irrelevant exploration of issues, use of cliches and patronizing platitudes, intellectual exploration of issues, and avoidance of subjects or feelings that involve pain in favour of “safe”topics.

Question 37

rescuing (band-aiding)

Answer 37

involves a counsellor’s actions that prevent or protect clients from dealing with issues or feelings. rescuing arises from the counsellor’s need to avoid tension and keep the session cheerful.