Chapter 3 - Physiology and Histology of the Skin

Question 1

Physiology is most accurately described as the study of the ______

Answer 1

Functions of the body structures

Question 2

The largest organ of the body is the ______

Answer 2

Skin

Question 3

Appendages of the skin include ______

Answer 3

Hair, nails, sweat and oil glands

Question 4

What removes and depletes lipids?

Answer 4

Exfoliation

Question 5

What does the skin protect against?

Answer 5

Outside elements and microorganisms

Question 6

The barrier function of the skin includes ______

Answer 6

Acid mantle

Question 7

What is the average pH of the acid mantle?

Answer 7

5.5

Question 8

What does TEWL stand for?

Answer 8

Transepidermal water loss

Question 9

The intercellular cement between epidermal cells is made up of ______

Answer 9

Lipids

Question 10

The immune cells that mature in the thymus gland and attack virus-infected cells, foreign cells, and cancer cells are the ______

Answer 10

T cells

Question 11

Sensory nerve fibers are most abundant in the ______

Answer 11

Fingertips

Question 12

The average body’s internal thermostat is set at ______ degrees Fahrenheit.

Answer 12

98.6

Question 13

Which glands excrete perspiration?

Answer 13

Sudoriferous

Question 14

The sebaceous glands ______

Answer 14

Excrete sebum

Question 15

Some states define the esthetician’s scope of practice as “not beyond the DEJ,” which means that estheticians are to treat ______

Answer 15

The epidermis only

Question 16

About 95 percent of the epidermis is made up of ______

Answer 16

Keratinocytes

Question 17

Which description most accurately describes the stratum lucidum?

Answer 17

The clear cells

Question 18

What is the average adult skin cell turnover rate?

Answer 18

28 days

Question 19

Desquamation is the ______

Answer 19

Shedding of keratinocytes from the skin

Question 20

Squamous cells are ______

Answer 20

Flat, scaly cells

Question 21

Which layer of the epidermis is located just below the stratum corneum?

Answer 21

Stratum germinativum

Question 22

On which of these parts of the body is skin the thickest?

Answer 22

Palms

Question 23

Keratin and intercellular lipids are formed in the ______

Answer 23

Stratum granulosum

Question 24

Which layer of the skin contains melanocytes?

Answer 24

Stratum germinativum

Question 25

Mitosis occurs in which layer of the skin?

Answer 25

Stratum germinativum

Question 26

Which cells in the basal layer produce pigment granules?

Answer 26

Melanocytes

Question 27

The thickest layer of the skin is called the ______

Answer 27

Dermis

Question 28

The two layers of the dermis are the ______ and ______

Answer 28

Papillary and reticular

Question 29

What is the technical term for a nail?

Answer 29

Onyx

Question 30

How long does it take for a fingernail to fully grow out?

Answer 30

4-6 months

Question 31

Stretch marks are caused by ______

Answer 31

Damaged elastin fibers

Question 32

The primary cause of wrinkles is the damage and loss of ______

Answer 32

Elastin

Question 33

Subcutis, or ______ tissue, is found below the reticular layer in the dermis.

Answer 33

Adipose

Question 34

Identify the answer that is not a layer of the epidermis

Answer 34

Stratum epithelium

Question 35

If you have folliculitis, you have ______

Answer 35

An inflammation of the follicle

Question 36

Which fibers stimulate the arrector pili muscles?

Answer 36

Motor nerve fibers

Question 37

Differences in genetic skin color are due to the ______

Answer 37

Amount of melanin activated in the skin

Question 38

Products that suppress melanin production by interrupting biochemical processes are referred to as ______

Answer 38

Tyrosinase inhibitors

Question 39

Apocrine glands are most active ______

Answer 39

During emotional changes

Question 40

Cells need ______, ______, and ______ to survive.

Answer 40

Nourishment, ability to function, protection.

Question 41

Which of the following stimulates cell turnover?

Answer 41

Alpha hydroxy acids

Question 42

Identify the greatest aging effect on skin.

Answer 42

UV rays

Question 43

______ are known as burning rays because they cause burning of the skin, tanning, aging, and cancer.

Answer 43

UVB rays

Question 44

Approximately ______-______ percent of aging caused by sun exposure.

Answer 44

80 to 85

Question 45

As estrogen depletes, skin begins to ______

Answer 45

Lose its tone

Question 46

What is the main function of secretory nerve fibers?

Answer 46

Regulate excretion from the sweat glands and control sebum output

Question 47

______ are made up of neurons that form a network of pathways for conducting information throughout the body.

Answer 47

Nerves

Question 48

Nerve fibers send messages to the ______ system and brain to react to heat and cold.

Answer 48

Central nervous

Question 49

Why are apocrine glands not considered true sweat glands by some medical authorities?

Answer 49

Their openings connect to oil glands instead of pore openings.

Question 50

Which system controls the excretion of sweat?

Answer 50

Nervous system

Question 51

The ______ glands secrete oil and the ______ glands secrete sweat.

Answer 51

Sebaceous; sudoriferous

Question 52

The loss of excess fluid may lead to what in the body?

Answer 52

Dehydration

Question 53

What are cordlike bundles of fibers made up of neurons through which sensory stimuli pass?

Answer 53

Nerves

Question 54

Where are the largest sebaceous glands found?

Answer 54

On the face

Question 55

Free radicals take electrons from compounds in the body. Which of the following is not considered an antioxidant?

Answer 55

Collagen

Question 56

Glycation, an intrinsic part of the aging process, is caused by what?

Answer 56

Rise in blood sugar

Question 57

What can an esthetician suggest to a client experiencing menopause to balance their estrogen level?

Answer 57

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)