Chapter 3 - Physiology and Histology of the Skin Flashcards
Physiology is most accurately described as the study of the ______
Functions of the body structures
The largest organ of the body is the ______
Skin
Appendages of the skin include ______
Hair, nails, sweat and oil glands
What removes and depletes lipids?
Exfoliation
What does the skin protect against?
Outside elements and microorganisms
The barrier function of the skin includes ______
Acid mantle
What is the average pH of the acid mantle?
5.5
What does TEWL stand for?
Transepidermal water loss
The intercellular cement between epidermal cells is made up of ______
Lipids
The immune cells that mature in the thymus gland and attack virus-infected cells, foreign cells, and cancer cells are the ______
T cells
Sensory nerve fibers are most abundant in the ______
Fingertips
The average body’s internal thermostat is set at ______ degrees Fahrenheit.
98.6
Which glands excrete perspiration?
Sudoriferous
The sebaceous glands ______
Excrete sebum
Some states define the esthetician’s scope of practice as “not beyond the DEJ,” which means that estheticians are to treat ______
The epidermis only
About 95 percent of the epidermis is made up of ______
Keratinocytes
Which description most accurately describes the stratum lucidum?
The clear cells
What is the average adult skin cell turnover rate?
28 days
Desquamation is the ______
Shedding of keratinocytes from the skin
Squamous cells are ______
Flat, scaly cells
Which layer of the epidermis is located just below the stratum corneum?
Stratum germinativum
On which of these parts of the body is skin the thickest?
Palms
Keratin and intercellular lipids are formed in the ______
Stratum granulosum
Which layer of the skin contains melanocytes?
Stratum germinativum
Mitosis occurs in which layer of the skin?
Stratum germinativum
Which cells in the basal layer produce pigment granules?
Melanocytes
The thickest layer of the skin is called the ______
Dermis
The two layers of the dermis are the ______ and ______
Papillary and reticular
What is the technical term for a nail?
Onyx
How long does it take for a fingernail to fully grow out?
4-6 months
Stretch marks are caused by ______
Damaged elastin fibers
The primary cause of wrinkles is the damage and loss of ______
Elastin
Subcutis, or ______ tissue, is found below the reticular layer in the dermis.
Adipose
Identify the answer that is not a layer of the epidermis
Stratum epithelium
If you have folliculitis, you have ______
An inflammation of the follicle
Which fibers stimulate the arrector pili muscles?
Motor nerve fibers
Differences in genetic skin color are due to the ______
Amount of melanin activated in the skin
Products that suppress melanin production by interrupting biochemical processes are referred to as ______
Tyrosinase inhibitors
Apocrine glands are most active ______
During emotional changes
Cells need ______, ______, and ______ to survive.
Nourishment, ability to function, protection.
Which of the following stimulates cell turnover?
Alpha hydroxy acids
Identify the greatest aging effect on skin.
UV rays
______ are known as burning rays because they cause burning of the skin, tanning, aging, and cancer.
UVB rays
Approximately ______-______ percent of aging caused by sun exposure.
80 to 85
As estrogen depletes, skin begins to ______
Lose its tone
What is the main function of secretory nerve fibers?
Regulate excretion from the sweat glands and control sebum output
______ are made up of neurons that form a network of pathways for conducting information throughout the body.
Nerves
Nerve fibers send messages to the ______ system and brain to react to heat and cold.
Central nervous
Why are apocrine glands not considered true sweat glands by some medical authorities?
Their openings connect to oil glands instead of pore openings.
Which system controls the excretion of sweat?
Nervous system
The ______ glands secrete oil and the ______ glands secrete sweat.
Sebaceous; sudoriferous
The loss of excess fluid may lead to what in the body?
Dehydration
What are cordlike bundles of fibers made up of neurons through which sensory stimuli pass?
Nerves
Where are the largest sebaceous glands found?
On the face
Free radicals take electrons from compounds in the body. Which of the following is not considered an antioxidant?
Collagen
Glycation, an intrinsic part of the aging process, is caused by what?
Rise in blood sugar
What can an esthetician suggest to a client experiencing menopause to balance their estrogen level?
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
