Chapter 3: physical development and aging Flashcards
what are some health disparities in nutrition
malnourishment, breastfeeding, food insecurity, and food deserts
what are the 2 examples of malnourishment
marasmus- a wasting disease, body’s fat and muscle are depleted
kwashiorkor- lack of protein and calories, characterized by lethargy
why should you breastfeed
tailored to baby, just the right amount of fat/nutrients/immunizing agents
lower rates of allergies
cognitive benefits - preview myelination (2 years)
long-term benefits for obesity, cancer, and telomers
infant-mother bonding
mother; lower rates of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, depression, ovarian and breast cancer, and bone fractures
how much a formula cost
$35.98 for 234 fluid oz
what are some options for breastmilk
formula with DHA, ARA, Choline, folic acid, sphingolipids and phosphates
some characteristics of eating behaviors in adolescence
growth spurt causes increase in caloric intake
diet tends to worsen (fast food, soft drinks, salty snacks, leading to nutrient deficiencies
family linked with healthier diets
characterized behaviors in adulthood
busy schedules leads to poor choices
as you grow old , less calories is needed and more nutrients, because they tend to loose muscle mass and slowed metabolism
2/3 of adults at risk for malnutrition, illness, disability, depression, social isolation, and mortality
how to make better nutrition decisions
support innovation, consumer education, make labeling more accessible, promote healthy habits early,reduced sugar and sodium food supply
what are the recommendations and benfits of physical activity across life
kids: 60min/day
Adults: 150min/week
benefits include: bone health, cardiovascular health, motor control, muscle strength, cognitive performance, mental health
what’s food desert
low-income area (20% below poverty line) plus low access (affordable produce 1 mile for urban and 10 miles for rural)
what other parameter for food desert predictors
low number of food retailers providing fresh and affordable produce
low income (poverty rate of 20% or more)
high unemployment
inadequate access to transportation
large or sparse population
what it means to say that body development is cephalocaudal and proximodistal
cephalocaudal because the growth proceeds from the head downward and proximodistal means that the growth proceed from center to outward
what’s ossification
is the process of laying down new bone material by cells named osteoblasts
puberty
biological transition to adulthood, where hormones cause the body to physically mature and permit sexual reproduction
what does puberty affect on the body
theres is a maturation of primary sex characteristics (reproductive organs: uterus, ovaries, tests, glands) and emergence of secondary sex characteristics, which are physical traits that indicate sexual maturity not related to fertility (breast, body hair, voice)
what is the name give to a girls first period and a boy first ejaculation
menarche and spermarche
what are some biological and environmental influences on development
genetics, weight/nutrition, stress, SES, sexual abuse, family problems
differentiate primary aging from secondary aging
primary aging is the innate maturationla processes
senescence is the normal age-related decline of physiological systems that are not life-threatening
secondary aging- the effects of environment and disease usually, pathology related acceleration such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, dementia, work conditions
what are some theories about aging
programmed: aging is a preprogrammed phenomenon inherent in cells. is a biological program that unfolds over time and is influenced by environment/epigenetics
Cellular aging theory states that after multiple iterations of replication, cells slow down. This is due to telomers, a type of DNA that caps both ends of chromosomes; however, with each cell division, telomers shorten to a critical length, causing the cell to stop duplicating.
Proteostasis - protein balance
=immune theory - (immunosenescence) is a weakened response to pathogens over time due to a programmed decline in efficiency/production of antibodies, becoming less effective
stochastic - aging is a result of physiological stress and random mutations
=wear and tear theory - cell death due to environmental stress; machine that breakdown over time
=damaging substances - progressive accumulation of disruptive chemicals that cannot be cleared by existing cells in the body
free radicals- are incomplete, highly reactive, corrosive ions that forms when a cell is exposed to oxygen causing to destroy nearby cells
=diet
what are some physical changes in adulthood
skin thinning, less elastic, and colder
body composition
-sarcopenia (loss of mass)
-lean muscle tissue decreases and body fat increases
-muscle spindles less flexible
cardiovascular, respiratory, and immune
musculoskeletal and kenesthetic
-bone density and height decrease
-range of motion (elasticity of cartilage and ligaments decreases)
-fall risks
what are some reproductive changes in men (name)
viropause
which is gradual decline in testosterone
what are some reproductive changes in women (name) and what could they cause
menopause
which is the cessation of ovulation
it can increase the risks of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease
complete the sentence with one word or more
physical development in infancy
physical development in childhood
physical development in adolescence
physical development in adulthood
cephalocaudal and proximodistal
slow growth, environemtal effect
puberty and fertility
senescence and decreased fertility
what can early maturity causes to girls
risk for depression, anxiety, and poor body image, sexual activity.
