Ch 1: Approaches and theories Flashcards
What are the five principles of LSD perspective
1.Multidirectional – Gains / Losses / Stability (intelligence/basic needs)
2.Multidisciplinary – Psychology, Sociology, Medicine
3.Multidimensional – Biological (physical), Psychological (cognitive), Social (biopsychosocial)
3. plastic
4. influenced by multiple contexts -sociocultural conditions (age-graded, history-graded (cohorts- born and affected), and non-normative events) and cultural (sets of customs, values, knowledge that are shared by members of a group and learned through interactions)
what are the 3 areas of development the multidimensional factor mentions
Physical develop. - body maturation and growth
Cognitive develop. - maturation of thought processes and the tools we use
Socioemotional develop. - changes in personality, social skills
what it mean when they say that development is plastic
it means that the development could be changeable and malleable, meaning it could be easily shaped and molded. That comes in handy when we’re referring to a multidirectional process of development where we usually compensate for losses by being resilience (adaptation)
define neuroplasticity
the ability of the brain to reorganize itself by forming new connections between brain cells
Name the theory and the name of the authors
Systems - bronfenbrenner, thelen
behavior- pavlov, watson, skinner, bandura (social learning theory)
psychoanalytic- freud,erickson
cognition - Vygotsky, piaget
What are the basic issues in developmental research? Explain each one of them
- Continuous or Discontinuous- depending on the domain and phenomenon in question, development could have a slow, and gradual change or abrupt changes.
- active or passive - the individual is influenced and influenced. It could interact and influence the world and could be shaped by the world
- nature or nurture - both genetic endowments/evolution and physical/social environment play a role in development.
why is scientific method DOPE
1.Describe & Predict. Define phenomenon & hypothesize (falsifiable)
2.Observe. Collet Data and experiments
3.Process – Refute/support hypotheses? Usually through statistical analysis.
4.Explain – Interpret and share results
what does it mean to ay that a hypothsis/theory is falsifiable
can be tested and, potentially, refuted
what are the types of data collection and ways to answer research question
1.Observational Measures – Watch and monitor behaviors.
Structured – In a lab/structured environment.
Naturalistic – Real-world setting (where they are naturally)
2.Self-Report Measures – Participant answers questions
Interviews – Structured or open-ended.
Surveys/Questionnaires – Same set of questions, answered on own.
3.Physiological measures – do not rely on verbal reports, but difficult to interpret
what are the research designs
Case Study – an in-depth examination of one or just a few people (many sources for one individual)
Correlational – Examines relationships but cannot demonstrate cause.
Experimental – Isolates and manipulates variables (control), causal exploration.
Dependent (behavior under study)vs. Independent Variables (the factor proposed to change the behavior)
Random Assignment (choice-a problem)
types of development research designs
cross-sectional- | one-time collection of many age-sections (fast, inexpensive-cohort)
longitudinal —- - multiple collections from the same participants over time (age-related change - time-consuming, expensive, cohort)
sequential \\ - follow multiple age sections longitudinally (lessons cohort confounds, rich data - complicated, expensive, time consuming)
what are the 5 ethical considerations for research
- Help, not harm (beneficence and nonmaleficence)
Vulnerable populations - Take Responsibility
Protect participants
Communicate and Help people understand limitations. - Honest and Fair (justice)
With participants.
Reporting findings. - Integrity
- Respect Participant Autonomy
Accountability through the Institutional Review Board
Informed Consent (Age of subject matters!)
Confidentiality
explain psychoanalytic theory
behavior influence development as a result of inner drives, memories, conflicts we are unware of.
Freud- psychosexual theory (stages) unconscious drives stages on different body parts- stimulation generates pleasure (unmet-> fixation - solution - balance on gratification)
Erikson: psychosocial theory - social world shape dveelopment at different stages, changes in undersatanding society and role in it. (Unresolved-crisis/cant move on). Interact to resolve psychosexual task
explain cognition theory (experience/culture=learning)
Role of thought on behavior ways of understanding/thinking/functioning
Piaget: cognitive development theory
organization of what they learn into cognitive schemas. Each stage, more complex schemas. Understanding constrauctd through interactions with the world
Vygotski- socialcultural theory
Knowledge constructed through social interactions (culture)
Infomation processing theory - perspective that uses a computer analogy to describe how mind works
explain systems (context) theory
considers many levels at one, ontogenetic (womb till death), LSD perspective but hard to test and cultural consideration
Bronfenbrenner- bioecological systems theory. interactions with and within system (role in context) with layers of interactions. SYSTEMS: Microsystem (innermost and immediate), mesosystem (interactions among microsystem), exosystem (does not participate-indirect), macrosystem (greater sociocultural context), and chronosystem (chnages overtime).
Thelen- dynamics systems theory
motor development/unlock skills leads to curiosity, and engaging to environment leads to new skills
explain behavior theory (environment-leraning/ PaWS+Bandura)
Theoretical approach that studies how observable behavior is controlled by the physical and social environment through conditioning (passive)
1. Pavlov and Watson
classical conditioning- a form of learning in which the individual associates environmental stimuli with physiological responses
2. Skinner
Operant conditioning- a form of learning where a behavior becomes more or less probable depending on its consequences.
Reinforcement- behavior followed by a desirable outcome that increases the likelihood of a response
punishment- behavior followed by an unpleasant outcome that decreases the likelihood of a response
3. Bandura
Social learning theory- people actively process information (they think and feel emotion). Thoughts and feelings influence behavior and each other, and the environment influences the T and F.
Reciprocal determinism- environment, and individuals interact and influence each other.
Observational learning - learn through models in addition to reinforcement and punishment.
