Chapter 3 Phonology

Question 1

phonology

Answer 1

Is the study of how sounds are organized within a language and how they interact with each other

Question 2

phonotactic constraints

Answer 2

the restrictions on possible combinations of sounds

Question 3

sound substitution

Answer 3

speakers use sounds of their native language to replace non-native sounds when pronouncing the words of a foreign language.

Question 4

aspiration

Answer 4

puff of air

Question 5

noncontrastive

Answer 5

interchanging two sounds does not result in a change of meaning.

Question 6

contrastive

Answer 6

replacing one sound with another in a word can change the word’s meaning

Question 7

phoneme

Answer 7

A set of speech sounds that are perceived to be variants of the same sound / /

Question 8

allophone

Answer 8

each member of a particular phoneme set [ ]

Question 9

contrastive distribution

Answer 9

a case in which the 2 sounds occur in the same phonetic environment ( and using one rather than the other, changes the meaning of the word)

Question 10

minimal pair

Answer 10

2 words (with different meanings) whose pronunciations differ by exactly one sound

Question 11

complementary distribution

Answer 11

sounds that do not occur in the same phonetic environments

Question 12

free variation

Answer 12

sounds are noncontrastive, they are interchangeable in word-final position- does not change the meaning of the word

Question 13

overlapping distribution

Answer 13

sounds that can occur in the same environment. Contrastive distribution and free variation both have overlapping distribution

Question 14

phonological rules

Answer 14

the mapping between phonemic and phonetic elements

Question 15

underlying form

Answer 15

the mapping between phonemicform

Question 16

conditioning environment

Answer 16

environment in which the rule applies

Question 17

palatalization

Answer 17

another assimilation process in which a consonant becomes like a neighboring palatal

Question 18

vocal harmony

Answer 18

a back vowel becomes front when preceded by a front vowel in the same word.

Question 19

dissimilation

Answer 19

cause 2 close or adjacent sounds to become less similar with respect to some property, by means of a change in one or both sounds.

Question 20

assimilation

Answer 20

makes sounds more similar

Question 21

manner dissimilation

Answer 21

a stop becomes a fricative when followed by another stop

Question 22

insertion

Answer 22

phonological rules of inssertion cause a segment not present at the phonemic level to be added to the phonetic form of the word

Question 23

voiceless stop insertion

Answer 23

a voiceless stop with the same place of articulation as the nasal is inserted

Question 24

deletion

Answer 24

a sound that may be eliminated or deleted in unstressed syllables

Question 25

metathesis

Answer 25

change the order of sounds

Question 26

strengthening

Answer 26

make sounds stronger

Question 27

weakening

Answer 27

also called lenition, causes sounds to become weaker

Question 28

flapping

Answer 28

an alveolar (oral) stop is realized as [ɾ] when it occurs after a stressed vowel and before an unstressed vowel