Chapter 3 Part 1 Flashcards
Catabolic Reactions
Go from having one product to breaking them down into two
Anabolic Reactions
Goes from having two products and combining them into one
Morphologic Reactions
Energy state may change, resulting in a shape change
Kinetic Energy
The energy of motion
How is low KE made?
Moves at a slow rate. Lower forces with Lower Pressures
How is high KE made?
Higher forces against wall and high pressures as well.
Potential Energy
Energy of storage, stored energy.
Examples of Potential Energy
Pulling rubber band and keeping it stretched. Glucose, Chemical Bonds.
Rock Example; what happens when a rock is pushed up hill?
As a rock is pushed uphill, work is performed and the potential energy of the rock increases
Rock Example: What happens when a rock is pushed down a hill?
As the rock rolls downhill, potential energy is converted into kinetic energy
Activation Energy
To activate, they need to be moving and need enough energy to reach activation energy. Bonds are broken and release energy. If AE not reached, no activation occurs
Can a reaction be reversed?
Once a product is made, it can become a reactant. Can thus be reversed to its original form.
Reaction Rate
The speed at which we make products from reactants.
The effect of KE on a reaction rate?
By giving more force, it increases the probability that they’ll find each other. Low KE = Low Reaction Rate
The effect of concentrations on reaction rate?
An increase in the reactants means an increase in reaction rate. Theres a higher chance to run into each other and hit AE.
Catalysts
DO not change AE. Assist and provide some energy themselves.
Important Characteristics of Catalysts (1)
Lower the energy needed from reactants; Lend a hand to help reach AE quicker
Important Characteristics of Catalysts (2)
Speed up reaction rates
Important Characteristics of Catalysts (3)
Doesn’t change the overall reaction (Some reactants –> Some Products)
Important Characteristics of Catalysts (4)
Can be used multiple times!
The predominant catalysts in physiology are ___
enzymes
Enzyme Composition and Naming?
Most enzymes are proteins. Most end with suffix -ase and many are named after what they do.
Enzyme Pieces and the puzzle
They’re active sites on the enzyme where reactants need to perfectly fit into.
Enzyme Mechanism
Enzymes need KE to form the proper shape in order to bond. The Enzymes then are bounded and react and create one uniform product.
Important Enzyme-Reactant Consideration (Specificity)
The slots are very specific because only one guy can actually fit in there.
Important Enzyme-Reactant Consideration (Saturation)
Saturation point is reached when they’re more reactants than enzymes.
Which reaction is the limiting factor?
Whatever is less present.
What makes an endurance athlete?
The ability to make ATP
Explain the reaction rate plateau observed when the number of enzymes is constant
Too many reactants
What could increase the reaction rate
Never slow down, just plateau (at highest point). You could add more enzymes as well. Temperature increase would inhibit enzyme.
Important Enzyme-Reactant Consideration (Competition)
Whichever reactant gets there first gets catalyzed first. The other one has to wait. Reactant A rate decreases with Reactant B getting catalyzed first
Why does the reaction rate for reactant A decrease when reactant B is present?
Competition for the binding site. Limited number of binding sites with more customers
Enzyme Regulation - Cofactors
Most enzymes wont function without cofactors. They activate binding site. Examples are minerals like metallic ions that attach and activate binding site
Enzyme Regulation - Coenzmes
Transport reactants to the enzyme (“taxis”) and active binding sites. These would be vitamins.
Enzyme Regulation - Feedbakc Inhibition
Used to maintain set points using Feedback Inhibition. Products inhibit enzyme activity. Example is ATP Production
Physiological Factors That Affect Enzyme Activity (Temperature)
High temperature = Danger, quick to reach a critical state. Once you get above 98.6 degrees, enzymes begin to start denaturing. Enzymes do not denature in cold temperatures however.
Physiological Factors That Affect Enzyme Activity (pH)
Enzymes are very sensitive to pH. No enzyme that can function in all environments. Stomach enzymes can only function in the stomach.
