Chapter 2 Flashcards
Why is protein synthesis important?
Proteins play an important role
Important Structures
Structure Enzyme TRansport Ligands Immunity
Important parts in structure
Muscle and Cytoskeleton
Important parts in Enzymes
Catalysts and Digestion
Important parts in Transport
Membrane Protein and Hemoglobin
Important parts in Ligands
Hormones and Neurotransmitters
Important parts in Immunity
Antibodies
What organelles will be involved with Protein Synthesis?
Ribosomes and Nucleus and ER and Golgi Apparatus
What role does DNA play in protein synthesis?
DNA is the blueprint for the protein synthesis in the cell
What is a gene?
Gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein
Big Picture of Protein Synthesis
Make a copy of a gene that is housed within DNA. Moves that copy out of nucleus and into cytosol and turn the copy of the gene into a protein.
Step 1 of Protein Synthesis
SOme signal occurs that asks for a specific protein to be produced
Step 1 of Protein Synthesis Examples
Production of hormones, Negative Feedback, Making ATP quickly when exercising and repair body
Step 2 of Protein Synthesis; Acetylation
The section of DNA with the needed gene is unwounded so that it is accessible. Prior to this, the DNA is wound and locked up to deny access?
Why aren’t genes always accessible?
If unwound, high energy could knock off a base. If always available, the mechanism to produce them would always happen
Step 3 of Protein Synthesis
The two DNA strands are seperated so that its nucleotide bases are accessible. “Unzip the DNA molecule”
DNA bases?
G, C, A, and T
DNA Base, T name
Thymine
DNA Base, G Name
Guanine
DNA Base, C Name
Cytosine
DNA Base, A Name
Adenine
DNA Base Pairings
G –> C
A –> T
Step 4 of Protein Synthesis; Transcription
DNA bases are matched with their complementary RNA bases. Copy is made from the original .
RNA Bases
G, C, A , U
RNA Base, G Name
Guanine
RNA Base, C name
Cytosine
RNA Base, A Name
Adenine
RNA Base, U Name
Uracil
DNA to RNA Pairing
G – > C
C – > G
T – > A
A – > U
Why can’t RNA use Thymine as a base?
DNA is important to us, so we only keep RNA until we don’t need more protein. Recognition of Uracil helps destroy it.
How can Uracil be formed?
Cytosine can spontaneously turn into Uracil. Enzyme replaces this with another cytosine. Thymine is more stable and wants to turn into Uracil
THe result of gene transcription is …
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Each group forms a codon representing a amino acid. What is a codon?
Codons represent or code for the beginning of the gene. They will be signaling specific amino acids to help build polypeptide chain
Step 5 of Protein Synthesis
The strand of mRNA leaves the nucleus. Small and large ribosomes will link to the mRNA.
Step 6 of Protein Synthesis
Ribosomes link to the mRNA strand and starts “reading “it. Brings in corect order and starts to bind them together.
Step 7 of Protein Synthesis; Translation
A tRNA molecule whose anticodon fits with the mRNA codon brings the matching amino acid to the ribosome. Has an anticodon that is the opposite of what is on the mRNA.
Step 8 of Protein Synthesis
Repeat Step 7 with the next mRNA codon. The ribosome then binds the two amino acids together with a peptide bond
Step 9 of Protein Synthesis
Repeat Steps 7 & 8 until the “stop code” is reached and the entire strand of mRNA has been translated. tRNa is reuseable. Third one comes in and kicks the first one out with no amino acid.
Which organelles will be involved with processing and packaging new proteins?
Ends will be snipped off, eaten by Lysosome. Ribosomes make polypeptie chain and everything will end up in golgi apparatus to be shipped
What can go wrong in Protein Synthesis?
Genetic Disorders
Missing or Broken Genes
Extra or Missing Chromosomes
Genetic Disorders Example
Cystic Fibrosis and Tay-Sachs Disease
Missing or broken gene example
Muscular Dysthrophy
Extra or missing chromesomes example
Down Syndrome
How to fix genetic disorders?
Gene Therapy. Replace “broken” DNA with healthy DNA. Virus splices that DNA and spreads it in the cell.
