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PHYS-P 215 Exam 1 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is protein synthesis important?

A

Proteins play an important role

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2
Q

Important Structures

A 
Structure
Enzyme
TRansport
Ligands
Immunity
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3
Q

Important parts in structure

A

Muscle and Cytoskeleton

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4
Q

Important parts in Enzymes

A

Catalysts and Digestion

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5
Q

Important parts in Transport

A

Membrane Protein and Hemoglobin

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6
Q

Important parts in Ligands

A

Hormones and Neurotransmitters

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7
Q

Important parts in Immunity

A

Antibodies

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8
Q

What organelles will be involved with Protein Synthesis?

A

Ribosomes and Nucleus and ER and Golgi Apparatus

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9
Q

What role does DNA play in protein synthesis?

A

DNA is the blueprint for the protein synthesis in the cell

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10
Q

What is a gene?

A

Gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein

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11
Q

Big Picture of Protein Synthesis

A

Make a copy of a gene that is housed within DNA. Moves that copy out of nucleus and into cytosol and turn the copy of the gene into a protein.

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12
Q

Step 1 of Protein Synthesis

A

SOme signal occurs that asks for a specific protein to be produced

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13
Q

Step 1 of Protein Synthesis Examples

A

Production of hormones, Negative Feedback, Making ATP quickly when exercising and repair body

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14
Q

Step 2 of Protein Synthesis; Acetylation

A

The section of DNA with the needed gene is unwounded so that it is accessible. Prior to this, the DNA is wound and locked up to deny access?

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15
Q

Why aren’t genes always accessible?

A

If unwound, high energy could knock off a base. If always available, the mechanism to produce them would always happen

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16
Q

Step 3 of Protein Synthesis

A

The two DNA strands are seperated so that its nucleotide bases are accessible. “Unzip the DNA molecule”

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17
Q

DNA bases?

A

G, C, A, and T

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18
Q

DNA Base, T name

A

Thymine

19
Q

DNA Base, G Name

A

Guanine

20
Q

DNA Base, C Name

A

Cytosine

21
Q

DNA Base, A Name

A

Adenine

22
Q

DNA Base Pairings

A

G –> C

A –> T

23
Q

Step 4 of Protein Synthesis; Transcription

A

DNA bases are matched with their complementary RNA bases. Copy is made from the original .

24
Q

RNA Bases

A

G, C, A , U

25
Q

RNA Base, G Name

A

Guanine

26
Q

RNA Base, C name

A

Cytosine

27
Q

RNA Base, A Name

A

Adenine

28
Q

RNA Base, U Name

A

Uracil

29
Q

DNA to RNA Pairing

A

G – > C
C – > G
T – > A
A – > U

30
Q

Why can’t RNA use Thymine as a base?

A

DNA is important to us, so we only keep RNA until we don’t need more protein. Recognition of Uracil helps destroy it.

31
Q

How can Uracil be formed?

A

Cytosine can spontaneously turn into Uracil. Enzyme replaces this with another cytosine. Thymine is more stable and wants to turn into Uracil

32
Q

THe result of gene transcription is …

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

33
Q

Each group forms a codon representing a amino acid. What is a codon?

A

Codons represent or code for the beginning of the gene. They will be signaling specific amino acids to help build polypeptide chain

34
Q

Step 5 of Protein Synthesis

A

The strand of mRNA leaves the nucleus. Small and large ribosomes will link to the mRNA.

35
Q

Step 6 of Protein Synthesis

A

Ribosomes link to the mRNA strand and starts “reading “it. Brings in corect order and starts to bind them together.

36
Q

Step 7 of Protein Synthesis; Translation

A

A tRNA molecule whose anticodon fits with the mRNA codon brings the matching amino acid to the ribosome. Has an anticodon that is the opposite of what is on the mRNA.

37
Q

Step 8 of Protein Synthesis

A

Repeat Step 7 with the next mRNA codon. The ribosome then binds the two amino acids together with a peptide bond

38
Q

Step 9 of Protein Synthesis

A

Repeat Steps 7 & 8 until the “stop code” is reached and the entire strand of mRNA has been translated. tRNa is reuseable. Third one comes in and kicks the first one out with no amino acid.

39
Q

Which organelles will be involved with processing and packaging new proteins?

A

Ends will be snipped off, eaten by Lysosome. Ribosomes make polypeptie chain and everything will end up in golgi apparatus to be shipped

40
Q

What can go wrong in Protein Synthesis?

A

Genetic Disorders
Missing or Broken Genes
Extra or Missing Chromosomes

41
Q

Genetic Disorders Example

A

Cystic Fibrosis and Tay-Sachs Disease

42
Q

Missing or broken gene example

A

Muscular Dysthrophy

43
Q

Extra or missing chromesomes example

A

Down Syndrome

44
Q

How to fix genetic disorders?

A

Gene Therapy. Replace “broken” DNA with healthy DNA. Virus splices that DNA and spreads it in the cell.

PHYS-P 215 Exam 1 (5 decks)

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