Chapter 2

Question 1

Why is protein synthesis important?

Answer 1

Proteins play an important role

Question 2

Important Structures

Answer 2

Structure
Enzyme
TRansport
Ligands
Immunity

Question 3

Important parts in structure

Answer 3

Muscle and Cytoskeleton

Question 4

Important parts in Enzymes

Answer 4

Catalysts and Digestion

Question 5

Important parts in Transport

Answer 5

Membrane Protein and Hemoglobin

Question 6

Important parts in Ligands

Answer 6

Hormones and Neurotransmitters

Question 7

Important parts in Immunity

Answer 7

Antibodies

Question 8

What organelles will be involved with Protein Synthesis?

Answer 8

Ribosomes and Nucleus and ER and Golgi Apparatus

Question 9

What role does DNA play in protein synthesis?

Answer 9

DNA is the blueprint for the protein synthesis in the cell

Question 10

What is a gene?

Answer 10

Gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein

Question 11

Big Picture of Protein Synthesis

Answer 11

Make a copy of a gene that is housed within DNA. Moves that copy out of nucleus and into cytosol and turn the copy of the gene into a protein.

Question 12

Step 1 of Protein Synthesis

Answer 12

SOme signal occurs that asks for a specific protein to be produced

Question 13

Step 1 of Protein Synthesis Examples

Answer 13

Production of hormones, Negative Feedback, Making ATP quickly when exercising and repair body

Question 14

Step 2 of Protein Synthesis; Acetylation

Answer 14

The section of DNA with the needed gene is unwounded so that it is accessible. Prior to this, the DNA is wound and locked up to deny access?

Question 15

Why aren’t genes always accessible?

Answer 15

If unwound, high energy could knock off a base. If always available, the mechanism to produce them would always happen

Question 16

Step 3 of Protein Synthesis

Answer 16

The two DNA strands are seperated so that its nucleotide bases are accessible. “Unzip the DNA molecule”

Question 17

DNA bases?

Answer 17

G, C, A, and T

Question 18

DNA Base, T name

Answer 18

Thymine

Question 19

DNA Base, G Name

Answer 19

Guanine

Question 20

DNA Base, C Name

Answer 20

Cytosine

Question 21

DNA Base, A Name

Answer 21

Adenine

Question 22

DNA Base Pairings

Answer 22

G –> C

A –> T

Question 23

Step 4 of Protein Synthesis; Transcription

Answer 23

DNA bases are matched with their complementary RNA bases. Copy is made from the original .

Question 24

RNA Bases

Answer 24

G, C, A , U

Question 25

RNA Base, G Name

Answer 25

Guanine

Question 26

RNA Base, C name

Answer 26

Cytosine

Question 27

RNA Base, A Name

Answer 27

Adenine

Question 28

RNA Base, U Name

Answer 28

Uracil

Question 29

DNA to RNA Pairing

Answer 29

G -- > C C -- > G T -- > A A -- > U

Question 30

Why can't RNA use Thymine as a base?

Answer 30

DNA is important to us, so we only keep RNA until we don't need more protein. Recognition of Uracil helps destroy it.

Question 31

How can Uracil be formed?

Answer 31

Cytosine can spontaneously turn into Uracil. Enzyme replaces this with another cytosine. Thymine is more stable and wants to turn into Uracil

Question 32

THe result of gene transcription is ...

Answer 32

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 33

Each group forms a codon representing a amino acid. What is a codon?

Answer 33

Codons represent or code for the beginning of the gene. They will be signaling specific amino acids to help build polypeptide chain

Question 34

Step 5 of Protein Synthesis

Answer 34

The strand of mRNA leaves the nucleus. Small and large ribosomes will link to the mRNA.

Question 35

Step 6 of Protein Synthesis

Answer 35

Ribosomes link to the mRNA strand and starts "reading "it. Brings in corect order and starts to bind them together.

Question 36

Step 7 of Protein Synthesis; Translation

Answer 36

A tRNA molecule whose anticodon fits with the mRNA codon brings the matching amino acid to the ribosome. Has an anticodon that is the opposite of what is on the mRNA.

Question 37

Step 8 of Protein Synthesis

Answer 37

Repeat Step 7 with the next mRNA codon. The ribosome then binds the two amino acids together with a peptide bond

Question 38

Step 9 of Protein Synthesis

Answer 38

Repeat Steps 7 & 8 until the "stop code" is reached and the entire strand of mRNA has been translated. tRNa is reuseable. Third one comes in and kicks the first one out with no amino acid.

Question 39

Which organelles will be involved with processing and packaging new proteins?

Answer 39

Ends will be snipped off, eaten by Lysosome. Ribosomes make polypeptie chain and everything will end up in golgi apparatus to be shipped

Question 40

What can go wrong in Protein Synthesis?

Answer 40

Genetic Disorders Missing or Broken Genes Extra or Missing Chromosomes

Question 41

Genetic Disorders Example

Answer 41

Cystic Fibrosis and Tay-Sachs Disease

Question 42

Missing or broken gene example

Answer 42

Muscular Dysthrophy

Question 43

Extra or missing chromesomes example

Answer 43

Down Syndrome

Question 44

How to fix genetic disorders?

Answer 44

Gene Therapy. Replace "broken" DNA with healthy DNA. Virus splices that DNA and spreads it in the cell.