Chapter 3 -omics in Physiology & Chapter 4 Physical Development and Epigenetics Flashcards
What is genomics?
the study of all of the information in an organisms DNA/genes
What is proteonomics?
the study of all of the proteins in an organism
Why are Antarctic fish (icefish) different from most fish?
it has no hemoglobin in its blood, they fail to synthesize blood hemoglobin, which makes their blood clear instead of red
What do icefish produce instead of hemoglobin?
they produce antifreeze glycoproteins that are not made by the majority of fish
What do icefish genes show?
the entire beta-globin gene, most of the alpha-globin gene, and the DNA between the original globin genes have been deleted and the icefish retain only a nonfunctional pseudogene
Why do some icefish have a cream colored heart?
because they lack ventricular myoglobin
Why do some icefish have red colored ventricles of the heart?
they have myoglobin
What genetic change has to deal with physiology in relation to the icefish?
Some icefish have red colored heart ventricles due to having myoglobin, whereas other have cream colored ventricles because they lack myoglobin
How is development patterned?
by gene expression (which genes are turned on and off)
What is the first expression of phenotype?
gene expression
What is an example of an epigenetic change?
exposure to hormones alters phenotype, can have a different adult phenotype with the same genome
What is the the “Hongerwinter”?
was a famine that took place in Netherlands– children of pregnant women that were exposed to famine were more susceptible to diabetes, obesity, CV disease, and other health problems
What is transcriptomics?
the study of transcriptomes and their functions
What is a nucleosome?
nucleotides and histones
What is chromatin?
a string of nucleosomes that can be unwound to access DNA
What is a genome?
the entire set of genes
What is a chromosome?
the entire chromatin from end to end
How is gene expression regulated?
by controlling chromatin accessibility
What does more compacted chromatin mean?
less accessibility and decreased gene expression
What opens the chromatin?
histone acetylation
What closes the chromatin?
DNA methylation
What are transcription factors?
proteins that open or close specific regions of chromatin, are master regulators!
How are specific regions of DNA opened?
by helicase
How does the RNA polymerase transcribe RNA?
using the unwound DNA as a template
What is the spliceosome?
a complex of proteins that remove specific sections of the pre-mRNA (introns are removed and exons are kept/spliced together)
What translates mRNA into polypeptide chaines?
ribosomes
What do ribosomes require to synthesize a polypeptide?
mRNA, tRNA, and amino acids
What does tRNA do?
brings specific amino acids to the ribosomes for translation
How is the “correct” tRNA amino acid for translation determined?
by the anticodon
What does the anticodon pair with and where?
pairs with the codon present in the ribosome
How does the ribosome read the mRNA?
sequentially, one codon at a time
What are free ribosomes?
make proteins destine for inside the cell
What are bound ribosomes?
make proteins destined for outside the cell
What guides a growing polypeptide into the rough ER?
hydrophobic leader sequences
What do proteins in the rough ER do?
add monosaccharides to the polypeptide, form disulfide bonds in the polypeptides, help fold the polypeptide (chaperones)
What is the golgi apparatus?
specialized membranes at the end of the rough ER that tag proteins with more carbohydrates
What does the golgi apparatus do?
sends proteins to the plasma membrane for membrane insertion or secretion
Proteins can be tagged at specific amino acids with specific molecules that do what?
change the activity of the protein
What does phosphorylation do?
protein usually activates or enhances a protein’s activity
What is ubiquitination of a protein?
adding a ubiquitin to a protein
Where do proteins tagged with ubiquitin sent?
to the proteosome for recycling
What is the defining structure of chordates?
the notochord, which has essential roles in vertebrate development
What does the notochord do?
serves as a source of midline signals that pattern surrounding tissues and as a major skeletal element of the developing embryo
What are HOX genes?
transcription factors directing tissue differentiation along the cranio-caudal axis, specifying segment identity of tissues within the embryo
What is thalomid?
was prescribed for anxiety, trouble sleeping, and morning sickness but cause 40% of infants to die at birth
What is thalomid thought to inhibit?
angiogenesis
The brain reaches 100% of full-grown weigh by what age?
5-7 years
Changes in O2 available per kg body weight in a seal differs as they develop and changes what?
changes in both mass and O2 storage per unit mass!
How would meat appear with lots of myoglobin?
very red
Are weanlings or adult hooded seals able to dive the longest and deepest?
adults
As mice age to 18 days old, are they more or less able to thermoregulate at 0 degrees?
more able to!
How many genes code for the protein portion of the hemoglobin molecule?
2 genes
T/F: The genes that code for globin diverged only recently?
False!
What genes code for hemoglobin?
alpha and beta genes
What is the best explanation for the differences, as shown in the figure, in the icefish globin genes?
deletions have rendered the α-globin gene nonfunctional and the β-globin gene has been removed
What is in the ectoderm?
epidermis of skin, hair, nails, nervous tissue, sense organs, pituitary, enamel, lens of eye
What is in the mesoderm?
dermis of skin, epithelia lining of blood vessel, serous membranes, muscle tissue, connective tissue, adrenal cortex, heart, kidneys, internal reproductive organs, spleen
What is in the endoderm?
epithelial lining of respiratory tract, GI tract, urinary tract, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, palatine tonsils, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus
What does glycogen synthetase do in rats?
is upregulated a few days before birth giving the newborn rat the ability to synthesize and store glycogen in the liver
What does phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase do in rats?
is a key enzyme for glucose synthesis and is upregulated at birth
What is glucokinase important for in rats?
instrumental in regulating blood glucose and is upregulated as the nestling period ends
What is polyphenism?
a special case of phenotypic plasticity (meaning you can get different phenotypes given the same genotype)
What are the major external triggers of polyphenism?
environmental stimuli
What is phenotypic plasticity?
the ability of individual genotypes to produce different phenotypes when exposed to different environmental conditions
What is GxE?
gene by environment interaction, the genotypes are acting different depending on what environment they are in, causing them to not be parallel anymore, INTERACTION BETWEEN GENOTYPE AND ENVIRONMENT DETERMINES PHENOTYPE
How can epigenetic changes change the phenotype of bees?
changes in food can cause a bee to be a worker or queen
What epigenetic changes happened in people conceived during the famine of 1945?
less methylation in the famine-conceived individuals than in their control siblings
