Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Chapter 2 Molecules and Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Molecules and Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What can not be broken down into smaller substances?

A

elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the smallest unit of an element?

A

an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are atoms made of?

A

protons, neurons, and electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A

bonds between oppositely charged atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How are ions formed?

A

when atoms lose or gain an electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What bonds are easily dissolved by water?

A

ionic bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is entropy?

A

energy put into a system can favor certain reactions that build complexity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

a strong bond that results from the sharing of an electron pair between two atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What element forms covalent bonds?

A

carbon!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a nonpolar covalent bond?

A

equal sharing of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

unequal sharing of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What makes up 75% of a cells weight?

A

water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Is water polar or non polar?

A

polar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does the polar nature of water lead to?

A

hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

not very strong, but they are numerous and lead to the sticky nature/life-allowing properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the properties of water?

A

heat absorption, sticky, solid (ice) is less dense than liquid, almost universal solvent (cannot dissolve lipids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What can water not dissolve?

A

lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is pH?

A

measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a basic pH?

A

pH greater than 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What pH has a low concentration of hydrogen ions?

A

basic pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What pH has a high concentration of hydrogen ions?

A

acidic pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is an acidic pH?

A

pH less than 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why are both acids and bases damaging?

A

because they are highly reactive with other substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a neutral solution pH?

A

pH of 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does the human body maintain a blood pH of?

A

7.4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What do acids do?

A

release more H+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What do bases do?

A

accept H+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What do buffers do?

A

release OH- and accept H+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

CH2OH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is anabolism?

A

building larger molecules from subunits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is catabolism?

A

breaking down larger molecules into subunits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does dehydration synthesis (condensation) do?

A

reactions form glycosidic bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What do hydrolysis reactions do?

A

break glycosidic bonds (splitting water)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are lipids?

A

carbon chains that have lots of hydrogens attached to them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is a triglyceride?

A

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is a saturated lipid?

A

no double bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is an unsaturated lipid?

A

has double bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

polar, hydrophilic phosphate head and 2 nonpolar, hydrophobic fatty acid tails

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are phospholipids good for?

A

forming membranes!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What lipids are amphipathic?

A

phospholipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are steroids?

A

a type of lipid where the carbon atoms are formed into rings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the most important form of steroids in the body?

A

cholesterol because its the base for forming hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What lipid is very hydrophobic?

A

steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is cholesterol used for?

A

giving structure to cell membrane, used to synthesize testosterone, estrogen, and cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are proteins?

A

the building blocks of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What reaction forms a peptide bond?

A

dehydration reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is the R group?

A

the functional group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are nonpolar amino acids?

A

they are hydrophobic and avoid contact with liquids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are polar amino acids?

A

have “R” groups that are hydrophilic and seek contact with aqueous solutions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are secondary structions?

A

pleated sheets and helixes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is an example of quaternary structure?

A

hemoglobin

52
Q

What bonding established secondary structure?

A

intramolecular bonding

53
Q

What are the nucleic acid bases?

A

guanine, thymine, cytosine, adenine

54
Q

What do A’s base pair with?

A

T

55
Q

What do G’s base pair with?

A

C

56
Q

What is DNA made of?

A

deoxyribonucleotides

57
Q

What is RNA made of?

A

ribonucleotides

58
Q

What does DNA contain?

A

thymine

59
Q

What does RNA contain?

A

uracil

60
Q

What does DNA do?

A

stores genetic information

61
Q

What does RNA do?

A

carries the information, does NOT store it

62
Q

What is the cell theory?

A
  1. All living things are made of cells (at least 1)
  2. Every new cell comes from the division of a preexisting one
63
Q

What does the plasma membrane contain?

A

phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins (integral, peripheral)

64
Q

What is the fluid-mosaic model?

A

proteins and lipids that are in constant motion

65
Q

What is glycocalyx?

A

a layer of macromolecules surrounding the plasma membrane

66
Q

What does the plasma membrane do?

A

gives form to cell and controls passage of material into and out of cell

67
Q

What are vesicles?

A

pinched inclusion of membranes that contain molecules or organelles

68
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

“cellular eating” performed by immune cells (white blood cells)

69
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

membrane furrows inward

70
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

for of endocytosis - “cellular drinking” non specific

71
Q

What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A

requires specific receptors

72
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

secretory products are contained within a membrane-enclosed vesicle that fuses with the plasma membrane so that the lumen of the vesicle is open to the extracellular environment

73
Q

What are cilia?

A

tiny projections that make a “current” to move substances

74
Q

What are microvilli?

A

tiny projections found in the kidneys and intestines to promote absorption

75
Q

What are flagellum?

A

large, whiplike extensions used for motility (sperm)

76
Q

What is the function of microvilli?

A

to give larger SA for organs, not used to move

77
Q

What does the cytoplasm contain?

A

the cytoskeleton

78
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

fluid, jellylike substance between the plasma membrane and the nucleus in which organelles are suspended

79
Q

Where are organelles anchored?

A

in the cytoplasm

80
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

system of interconnected membrane-forming canals and tubules

81
Q

What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

metabolizes nonpolar compounds and stores calcium in striated muscle cells

82
Q

What does rough endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

assists in protein synthesis

83
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

granular particles composed of protein and RNA

84
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

synthesize proteins

85
Q

What is the golgi complex?

A

cluster of flattened membranous sacs

86
Q

What do the golgi complex do?

A

synthesizes carbohydrates and packages molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum for secretions; secretes lipids and glycoproteins

87
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

membranous sacs with folded inner partitions

88
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

releases energy from food molecules and transforms energy into usable ATP

89
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

membranous sacs

90
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

digest foreign molecules and worn/damaged organelles

91
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

spherical membranous vesicles

92
Q

What do peroxisomes do?

A

contain enzymes that detoxify harmful molecules and break down hydrogen peroxide/oxidizing agents

93
Q

What are centrosomes?

A

non-membranous mass of 2 rodlike centrioles

94
Q

What do centrosomes do?

A

help to organize spindle fibers and distribute chromosomes during mitosis

95
Q

What are vacuoles?

A

membranous sacs

96
Q

What do vacuoles do?

A

store and release various substances within the cytoplasm

97
Q

What are microfilaments/microtubules?

A

thin, hollow tubes

98
Q

What do microtubules and microfilaments do?

A

support cytoplasm and transport materials within the cytoplasm

99
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

double-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus

100
Q

What is the nuclear envelope composed of?

A

protein and lipid molecules

101
Q

What does the nuclear envelope do?

A

supports nucleus and controls passage of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm

102
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

dense nonmembranous mass composed of proteins and RNA molecules

103
Q

What does the nucleolus do?

A

produces RNA for ribosomes

104
Q

What is chromatin?

A

fibrous strands composed of protein and DNA

105
Q

What does chromatin do?

A

contains genetic code that determines which proteins (including enzymes) will be manufactured by the cell

106
Q

What does the smooth ER make?

A

lipids

107
Q

What are free ribosomes?

A

make proteins destined for inside the cell

108
Q

What are bound ribosomes?

A

make proteins destined for outside the cell

109
Q

What is the rough ER made of?

A

studded with ribosomes

110
Q

What does the smooth ER make?

A

steroids and store calcium in muscle cells

111
Q

Why are transmembrane proteins important?

A

they are the premier way that a cell interacts with its environment

112
Q

What does a channel protein do?

A

permits simple diffusion of solutes in aqueous solution or osmosis of water through a membrane

113
Q

What does a transporter (carrier) protein do?

A

binds noncovalently and reversibly with specific molecules or ions to move them across a membrane intact, actively transport through membrane if using metabolic energy and use facilitated diffusion if metabolic energy is not used

114
Q

What does an enzyme protein do?

A

catalyzes a chemical reaction where covalent bonds are made or broken

115
Q

What does a receptor protein do?

A

binds noncovalently with specific molecules and initiated a change in membrane permeability or cell metabolism; mediate responses of a cell to chemical signals arriving at the outside of the cell membrane

116
Q

What do structural proteins do?

A

attaches to other molecules to anchor intracellular elements to the cell membrane, creates junctions between cells or establishes structural relations

117
Q

What is lumen?

A

the open central cavity on the inside

118
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

when cell membranes are touching, doesn’t allow much do go between the cells

119
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

strong connection between two cells that fuse together the cytoskeletons of the two cells

120
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

protein channels allow material to move freely between the two cells

121
Q

What is the paracellular path across epithelium?

A

between cells

122
Q

What is the transcellular path across epithelium?

A

through and across cells

123
Q

What is hyperbolic kinetics?

A

the reaction velocity increases asymptotically approaching a maximum velocity, Vmax

124
Q

What is sigmoid kinetics?

A

the approach to Vmax follows an S-shaped (sigmoid) trajectory

125
Q

What is an uncatalyzed reaction?

A

the activation energy - the increased energy required to achieve transition state - is greater without catalysis

126
Q

What is a catalyzed reaction?

A

the activation energy - the increased energy required to achieve transition state - is greater with catalysis

Physiology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions