Chapter 3 : Observation studies

Question 1

Checklist

Answer 1

Instruments used to record behavior where the observer checks a behavior every time it occurs

Question 2

Code/Coding system

Answer 2

System used to categorize observations attributing a symbol to each

Question 3

Demand characteristics

Answer 3

the features of a research setting that encourage the participant to behave in a certain, unnatural way

Question 4

Diary method

Answer 4

Data collection where the participants make a daily record of important events

Question 5

Disclosure

Answer 5

Informing people that they are being observed

Question 6

Ecological validity

Answer 6

Assessment to how “true to life” a study is as opposed to artificial, laboratory situations simulating life

Question 7

Evaluation anxiety

Answer 7

Bias in the results due to the heightened emotional state of research participants who are aware that their behavior is being observed

Question 8

Event sampling

Answer 8

Method for sampling behavior by observation focusing on the frequency of specific events

Question 9

Inter-observer agreement :

Answer 9

degree of agreement between observers coding

Question 10

measurement reactivity

Answer 10

any kind of bias provoked by individual’s awareness that they are being studied

Question 11

naturalistic

Answer 11

observational study without intervention in the environment of the individuals or species under study

Question 12

non participants

Answer 12

observation in which the observer does not take part in the group observed

Question 13

observation grid

Answer 13

a tool composed of behavioral categories used to make accurate and reliable records of events

Question 14

observation technique

Answer 14

procedure using observation to measure a variable

Question 15

observational design

Answer 15

study consisting in recording data about events that occur without the interference of the researcher

Question 16

observer bias

Answer 16

unfair recording of events due to researcher’s subjective preconceptions and intentions

Question 17

observer effect

Answer 17

any bias due to individual’s awareness of being observed

Question 18

one-way mirror

Answer 18

ca tu sais

Question 19

structured, systematic

Answer 19

observation using explicit pre-established coding framework for data recording

Question 20

time sampling

Answer 20

method for sampling behavior in observation focusing on the events taking place at set period time

Question 21

to replicate (to run a replication)

Answer 21

To reproduce, to duplicate a study as precisely as possible in an attempt to see if the same results are obtained

Question 22

validity

Answer 22

the ability of a research procedure to investigate what it is supposed to investigate