Chapter 3 OB

Question 1

Perception

Answer 1

Process through which people receive and interpret information about the environment.

Question 2

Factors influencing perception

Answer 2

Characteristics of the perceiver, characteristics of the setting and characteristics of the perceived.

Question 3

Characteristics of the perceiver

Answer 3

A person s past experiences, needs or motives can influence the perceptual process.

Question 4

Characteristics of the setting

Answer 4

The physical, social context can influence the perception process.

Question 5

Characteristics of the perceived

Answer 5

Characteristics of the perceived person, object, or event are also important.We talk about them in terms of contrast, intensity, figure ground separation, size and motion.

Question 6

Selective screening

Answer 6

Allows only a portion of available information to enter our perceptions.

Question 7

Schemas

Answer 7

Cognitive frameworks that represent organized knowledge developed through experience about other people, objects or events.

Question 8

Prototype

Answer 8

Is a bundle of features expected to be characteristic of people in certain roles.

Question 9

The stages to information processing

Answer 9

Attention and selection, organization, interpretation and retrieval.

Question 10

Impression management

Answer 10

Systematic attempt to influence how others perceive us.

Question 11

Common perceptual distortions are

Answer 11

Stereotypes, halo effects, selective perception, projection, contrast effects, and self fulfilling prophecies.

Question 12

Stereotypes

Answer 12

Assigns attributes commonly associated with a group to an individual.

Question 13

Halo effect

Answer 13

Uses one attribute to develop an overall impression of a person.

Question 14

Selective perception

Answer 14

Tendency to define problems from one’s point of view.

Question 15

Projection

Answer 15

Assigns personal attributes to other individuals.

Question 16

Contrast effect

Answer 16

Occurs when an individual’s characteristics are contrasted with those of others recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics.

Question 17

Self fulfilling prophecy

Answer 17

Predicting something and then the expectation becomes reality simply because one believes it will.

Question 18

Attribution

Answer 18

Process of creating explanations for events.

Question 19

Internal cause

Answer 19

Cause that is believed to be under an individual’s control.

Question 20

External cause

Answer 20

Cause that is seen as coming from outside person.

Question 21

According to attribution theory, 3 factors influence this internal or external causality

Answer 21

Distinctiveness, consensus and consistency.

Question 22

Distinctiveness

Answer 22

Considers how consistent a person’s behaviour is across different situations.

Question 23

Consensus

Answer 23

Is how likely all those facing a similar situation are to respond in the same way.

Question 24

Consistency

Answer 24

Is whether an individual responds the same way across time.

Question 25

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 25

Overestimates internal factors and underestimates external factors as influences on someones behaviour.

Question 26

Self serving bias

Answer 26

Underestimates internal factors and overestimates external factors as influence on someones behaviour.

Question 27

Social learning theory

Answer 27

Describes how learning occurs through interactions among people, behaviour and environment.

Question 28

Reinforcement

Answer 28

The delivery of a consequence as a result of a behaviour.

Question 29

Classical conditioning

Answer 29

Learning to display a behaviour through its association with a stimulus.

Question 30

Operant conditioning

Answer 30

The control of behaviour by manipulating its consequences.

Question 31

The law of effect

Answer 31

Behaviour followed by a plesant consequence is likely to be repeated. Vice versa

Question 32

Extrinsic rewards

Answer 32

Are positively valued work outcomes that are given individual by some other person.

Question 33

Contrived rewards

Answer 33

Rewards like pay increases or cash bonuses

Question 34

Natural rewards

Answer 34

Rewards such as verbal praise and recognition

Question 35

Organization behaviour modification

Answer 35

Use of extrinsic rewards to systematically reinforce desirable work behaviour and discourage undesirable behaviour

Question 36

Positive reinforcement

Answer 36

Strengthens a behaviour by making a desirable consequence contingent on its occurrence.

Question 37

The law of contingent reinforcement

Answer 37

States that a reward should only be given when a desired behaviour occurs.

Question 38

The law of immediate reinforcement

Answer 38

States that a reward should be given as soon as possible after the desired behaviour occurs.

Question 39

Shaping

Answer 39

Positive reinforcement of successive approximations to the desired behaviour.

Question 40

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 40

Administers a reward each time a desired behaviour occurs.

Question 41

Intermitted reinforcement

Answer 41

Rewards behaviour only periodically.

Question 42

Negative reinforcement

Answer 42

Uses the withdrawal of negative consequences to increase the likelihood of desirable behaviour being repeated.

Question 43

Punishment

Answer 43

Discourages a behaviour by making an unpleasant consequence contingent on its occurrence.

Question 44

Extinction

Answer 44

Discourages a behaviour by making the removal of a desirable consequence contingent on its occurrence.