Chapter 3 OB Flashcards
Perception
Process through which people receive and interpret information about the environment.
Factors influencing perception
Characteristics of the perceiver, characteristics of the setting and characteristics of the perceived.
Characteristics of the perceiver
A person s past experiences, needs or motives can influence the perceptual process.
Characteristics of the setting
The physical, social context can influence the perception process.
Characteristics of the perceived
Characteristics of the perceived person, object, or event are also important.We talk about them in terms of contrast, intensity, figure ground separation, size and motion.
Selective screening
Allows only a portion of available information to enter our perceptions.
Schemas
Cognitive frameworks that represent organized knowledge developed through experience about other people, objects or events.
Prototype
Is a bundle of features expected to be characteristic of people in certain roles.
The stages to information processing
Attention and selection, organization, interpretation and retrieval.
Impression management
Systematic attempt to influence how others perceive us.
Common perceptual distortions are
Stereotypes, halo effects, selective perception, projection, contrast effects, and self fulfilling prophecies.
Stereotypes
Assigns attributes commonly associated with a group to an individual.
Halo effect
Uses one attribute to develop an overall impression of a person.
Selective perception
Tendency to define problems from one’s point of view.
Projection
Assigns personal attributes to other individuals.
Contrast effect
Occurs when an individual’s characteristics are contrasted with those of others recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics.
Self fulfilling prophecy
Predicting something and then the expectation becomes reality simply because one believes it will.
Attribution
Process of creating explanations for events.
Internal cause
Cause that is believed to be under an individual’s control.
External cause
Cause that is seen as coming from outside person.
According to attribution theory, 3 factors influence this internal or external causality
Distinctiveness, consensus and consistency.
Distinctiveness
Considers how consistent a person’s behaviour is across different situations.
Consensus
Is how likely all those facing a similar situation are to respond in the same way.
Consistency
Is whether an individual responds the same way across time.
Fundamental attribution error
Overestimates internal factors and underestimates external factors as influences on someones behaviour.
Self serving bias
Underestimates internal factors and overestimates external factors as influence on someones behaviour.
Social learning theory
Describes how learning occurs through interactions among people, behaviour and environment.
Reinforcement
The delivery of a consequence as a result of a behaviour.
Classical conditioning
Learning to display a behaviour through its association with a stimulus.
Operant conditioning
The control of behaviour by manipulating its consequences.
The law of effect
Behaviour followed by a plesant consequence is likely to be repeated. Vice versa
Extrinsic rewards
Are positively valued work outcomes that are given individual by some other person.
Contrived rewards
Rewards like pay increases or cash bonuses
Natural rewards
Rewards such as verbal praise and recognition
Organization behaviour modification
Use of extrinsic rewards to systematically reinforce desirable work behaviour and discourage undesirable behaviour
Positive reinforcement
Strengthens a behaviour by making a desirable consequence contingent on its occurrence.
The law of contingent reinforcement
States that a reward should only be given when a desired behaviour occurs.
The law of immediate reinforcement
States that a reward should be given as soon as possible after the desired behaviour occurs.
Shaping
Positive reinforcement of successive approximations to the desired behaviour.
Continuous reinforcement
Administers a reward each time a desired behaviour occurs.
Intermitted reinforcement
Rewards behaviour only periodically.
Negative reinforcement
Uses the withdrawal of negative consequences to increase the likelihood of desirable behaviour being repeated.
Punishment
Discourages a behaviour by making an unpleasant consequence contingent on its occurrence.
Extinction
Discourages a behaviour by making the removal of a desirable consequence contingent on its occurrence.
