Chapter 3: Neuroscience

Question 1

Central Nervous System

Answer 1

Brain and spinal cord

Question 2

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 2

Autonomic NS and somatic NS

Question 3

The two parts of the nervous system are:

Answer 3

CNS and PNS

Question 4

Somatic nervous system

Answer 4

Interacts with external environment by conveying info from muscles to the CNS

Afferent: senses -> CNS
Efferent: CNS -> muscles

Question 5

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 5

Involuntary commands; regulates internal environment ie. organs

Afferent: organs -> CNS
Efferent: CNS -> organs

Question 6

The two parts of the autonomic nervous system are:

Answer 6

Parasympathetic NS and sympathetic NS

Question 7

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 7

Arousing; prepares the body for threatening situations

Pupils dilated; far vision
Dry mouth
Goosebumps
Sweaty palms
Dilated lungs 
Increased heart rate
More blood to muscles
Increased activity in adrenal glands
Inhibited digestion

Question 8

Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 8

Calming; helps body return to resting state

Pupils constricted; near vision
Salivating
No goosebumps
Dry palms
Constricted lungs
Decreased heart rate
More blood to organs
Decreased activity in adrenal glands
Stimulated digestion

Question 9

The hindbrain’s function and structures:

Answer 9

Coordinates info coming in/out of spinal cord

Pons, medulla, reticular formation, cerebellum

Question 10

Medulla

Answer 10

Coordinates heart rate, circulation, and breathing

Question 11

Reticular formation

Answer 11

Regulates sleep, wakefulness, and level of arousal (emotion)

Question 12

Cerebellum

Answer 12

Controls fine motor skills, fine-tuning behaviour (not initiating)

Question 13

Pons

Answer 13

Relays info from cerebellum to rest of the brain

Question 14

The midbrain’s function and structures:

Answer 14

Responsible for orientation and movement

Tectum, tegmentum

Question 15

Tectum

Answer 15

Orients an organism in its environment

Question 16

Tegmentum

Answer 16

Movement and arousal, directs an organism towards stimuli (actual movement vs tectum)

Question 17

The forebrain’s function and structures:

Answer 17

Controls complex cognitive, emotional, sensory and motor function

Basal ganglia, pituitary gland, thalamus, limbic system

Question 18

Four Fs of the limbic system

Answer 18

Feeding, fighting, fleeing, sexual behaviour

Question 19

Basal ganglia

Answer 19

Directs intentional movements; the striatum within it controls posture and movement

Question 20

Cause of Parkinson’s

Answer 20

Damages part of midbrain that normally supplies striatum with dopamine

Question 21

Pituitary gland

Answer 21

Master gland of body’s hormonal/endocrine system, releases messenger hormones which direct functions of other glands

Question 22

Thalamus

Answer 22

Relays and filters info from the senses (except smell) and transmits info to the cerebral cortex

Closes pathways during sleep

Question 23

Structures of the limbic system:

Answer 23

Hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus

Question 24

Hypothalamus

Answer 24

Regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, sexual behaviour

Keeps body temperature, blood sugar, and metabolism within an optimal range

Signals pituitary gland to release hormones

Located below thalamus

Question 25

Hippocampus

Answer 25

Creates new memories, integrating them into a network to be stored in the cerebral cortex

Question 26

Amygdala

Answer 26

Formation of emotional memories and other emotional processes; ability to feel fear

When you are in emotionally arousing situations, stimulates the hippocampus to remember many details

Question 27

Cerebral cortex function, thickness, and contained lobes:

Answer 27

Info processing center responsible for most complex aspects of perception, emotion, movement, and thought

2-4 mm thick

Frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital

Question 28

The brain is layered as ___ matter over ___ matter with ___ inside that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 28

Grey, white, ventricles

Question 29

The endocrine system contains:

Answer 29

Pituitary gland, adrenal glands, thyroid gland, pancreas, pineal gland, ovaries/testes

Question 30

Adrenal glands

Answer 30

Produces adrenaline, regulates stress response

Question 31

Thyroid gland

Answer 31

Regulates body temperature and heart rate

Question 32

Pancreas

Answer 32

Controls digestion

Question 33

Pineal gland

Answer 33

Secretes melatonin, controls sleep/wake cycle

Question 34

The ovaries produce ___ while the testes produce ___

Answer 34

Estrogen, testosterone