Chapter 3: Neuroscience Flashcards
What are the primary components of a neuron?
Soma (cell body), dendrites, axon, axon terminals, and myelin sheath.
What is the function of dendrites in a neuron?
Dendrites receive signals from other neurons and transmit them to the soma.
How does the myelin sheath enhance neural communication?
It insulates the axon and increases the speed of electrical signal transmission.
What is synaptic transmission?
The process where neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal of one neuron and bind to receptors on the dendrites of another neuron.
What are the main functions of the spinal cord?
To transmit sensory information to the brain and motor commands from the brain to the body, and to mediate reflexes.
What is the function of the cerebral cortex?
It controls higher brain functions, including thought, perception, and voluntary motor activity.
What is the significance of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in psychopharmacology?
The BBB limits the ability of many drugs to enter the brain, affecting their therapeutic efficacy.
What is the role of afferent and efferent neurons in the PNS?
Afferent neurons carry sensory signals to the CNS, while efferent neurons carry motor commands from the CNS to muscles and glands.
What are ganglia in the PNS?
Clusters of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS that process sensory and motor signals.
What is the primary role of the limbic system in mental health?
It regulates emotions, memory, and behavior, playing a key role in mood disorders and PTSD.
What is the function of the hypothalamus within the limbic system?
It controls autonomic functions, regulates hormone release, and maintains homeostasis.
How does the amygdala influence emotional responses?
The amygdala processes fear and aggression, playing a central role in emotional memory.
What is the role of acetylcholine in the nervous system?
It facilitates learning and memory in the CNS and controls muscle contractions in the PNS.
How does glutamate function as an excitatory neurotransmitter?
Glutamate increases neuronal activity and is involved in memory and learning.
What is the role of endorphins in the brain?
They act as natural painkillers and mood enhancers.
