Chapter 3: Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
ligaments
connect bone to bone
tendons
connect bone to muscle
fascia, fasci/o
tough, fibrous covering of the muscles
cartilage
flexible, connective tissue covering the ends of many bones, providing support and protection. Also forms the outer ear and tip of the nose.
hematopoiesis
continual formation of blood in the bone marrow
orthopedics/orthopedist
specialty dealing with musculoskeletal system
Rheumatology/rheumatologist
Specialty dealing with disorders of connective tissue, esp bone and cartilage
articular
pertaining to the arteries
tendinous
pertaining to a tendon
muscular
pertaining to a muscle
syndesmal
pertaining to a ligament
chrondal
pertaining to cartilage
osseous
pertaining to bone
axial skeleton
skull, rib cage, spine
appendicular skeleton
All non-axial (arms, legs, shoulder, hips, pelvic, etc.)
osteocytes
mature bone cells
matrix
material between bone cells (osteocytes)
osteoblasts
cells that build bone
osteoclasts
cells that break down bone cells to use as needed
spongy or cancellous bone
inner layer of bone tissue
diaphysis
long shaft of bone
epiphysis
end of the bone
epiphyseal plates
areas where bone growth occurs
metaphysis
the epiphysis and the epiphyseal plates together form this
periosteum
outer covering of the bone
endosteum
inner aspect of the bone
bone depression
any groove, opening, or hollow space in a bone
bone processes
raised areas of bone, often connection points for tendons and ligaments
foramen (foramin/o)
an opening or whole
fossa (foss/o)
a hollow or depression, esp on the surface of the end of a bone
condyle (condyl/o)
rounded projection at the end of a bone that anchors the ligament and articulates with adjacent bones
crest
a narrow, elongated elevation
epicondyle
a projection on the surface of the bone above the condyle
trochanter
bony projections on the end of femurs.
tubercle (tubercul/o)
a nodule or small raised area
tuberosity
larger than a tubercle
Skull parts
Cranium and Facial bones
Frontal bone
forehead, anterior skull
Parietal bones
sides of the cranium
Occipital bone
back of the skull.
foramen magnum
large hole in the Occipital bone for the spine
Temporal bones
lower sides of the cranium
Mastoid process
posterior part of the Temporal behind the ears
Ethmoid bone
forms roof and walls of nasal cavity
Sphenoid bone
Anterior to the temporal
Paranasal sinuses
air-filled cavities that are names for the bones in which they are located.
Zygoma / Zygomatic
cheekbone
Lacrimal bones
paired bones at the corner of each eye that cradle the tear ducts
Maxilla / Maxillary bones
Upper jaw
mandible / mandibular bone
Lower jaw
Vomer
posterior part of the nasal septal wall
Palatine bone
part of the roof of the mouth
nasal turbinates (conchae)
part of the interior of the nose
Nasal bones
pair of small bones that make up the bridge of the nose
ribs
12-pairs of flat attached to the thoracic vertebrae posterior and to the costochondral tissue in the front
True ribs
7 pair attached directly to the sternum
False Ribs
5 ribs attached to the Sternum with cartilage
Floating Ribs
2 pairs of false ribs not attached to the Sternum at all.
Sternum
breast bone
xiphoid process
sharp point at the most inferior point of the Sternum
Spinal or Vertebral Column
series of 26 bones (vertebrae) running from the neck to the tailbone
cervical
Region: Neck bones C1-C7
thoracic
Region: upper back, T1-T12
lumbar
Region: Lower back L1-L5
sacral
Region: Sacrum, S1-S5, 5 bones, fused
coccygeal
Region: tailbone
scapula
shoulder blades
acromion process
lateral protrusion of the scapula the forms the highest part of the shoulder
clavicle
collar bone
humerus
Upper arm bone
radius
lower lateral arm bone, parallel to the ulna. Thumb side
ulna
lower medial arm bone. pinky side.
olecranon
proximal projection of the Ulna that forms the tip of the elbow
carpus
one of eight wrist bones
metacarpus
one of five bones that form the middle of the hand
phalanx (phalanges)
one of 14 bones that constitute the fingers of each hand
digitus
refers to the whole finger or toe (all the bones involved)
acetabulum
the socket into which the femal head fits
Ilium
Superior and widest bone of the Pelvis
Ischium
Lower portion of the pelvic bone
Pubis
Anterior part of the pelvic bone
Femur
Upper leg bone, thigh bone
Patella
kneecap
Tibia
Shine bone, lower medial leg bone
Fibula
smaller, lower lateral leg bone
Malleolus
process on the distal ends of the tibia and fibula
Tarsus (tarsals)
1 of 7 bones of the ankle, hindfoot, and midfoot
calcaneus
heel bone
Metatarsus (Metatarsals)
1 of 5 foot bones between the tarsals and the phalanges
ROM
Range of Motion
rhabdomy/o (skeletal)
striated or skeletal muscle (voluntary)
synarthroses
immovable joints (no ROM)
Amphiarthroses
lightly movable joints (limited ROM)
Diarthroses (synovial joints)
Freely movable joints (full ROM)
bursae
sacks of fluid between the bones and tendons that hold the muscles in place at the joint.
menisci
crescent-shaped cartilage between the femur and tibia in the knee joint
muscle
tissue composed of cells that can contract and relax to allow movement
Skeletal, Smooth, Heart
Three muscle functions, respectively voluntary movement, involuntary organ movement, blood pump
abduction
movement away from the midline
adduction
movement toward the midline
muscle naming conventions
location, number of insertions, size, shape, muscle action, origin/insertion.
Origin
bone at the end of the attachment that does not move and is nearest to the trunk
insertion
bone at the end of the attachment that does move and is farthest from the trunk
action
the function of the muscle
extension
muscle action that increases joint angle
flexion
muscle action that decreases joint angle
supination
turning upward
pronation
turning downward
dorsiflexion
process of bending back
plantar flexion
lowering the foot, pointing the toes
eversion
turning out
inversion
turning in
protraction
process of pulling forward, the forward movement of a muscle
retraction
process of pulling back, backward movement of a muscle
rotation
process of a bone turning on it’s axis
circumduction
process of carrying around, the circular movement of the distal end of a limb around it’s point of attachment
muscular dystrophy
progressive atrophy of muscles without degeneration of neural tissues
Talipes
clubfoot
spina bifida
Congenital fissure of the vertebral column
exostosis
benign growth projecting outward from the bone
Osteophytosis
abnormal bone growth (phyt/o = growth) in a joint
Achondroplasia
abnormal cartilage growth at long bone and skull epiphyses, resulting in dwarfism (–plasia = growth or development).
polydactyly
a congenital developmental condition marked by the presence of more than the normal number (poly–) of toes or fingers (dactyl/o).
syndactyly
joined or webbed fingers or toes
torticollis
contraction of the muscles of the neck. (wryneck)
osteodynia
bone pain
osteitis deformans
Paget disease. misshapen bone resulting from inflamation.
scoliosis
This condition is characterized by a lateral “S” curve of the spine
scoli/o
crooked or bent
osteomalacia
softening of the bones
osteomyelitis
inflammation of the bone and bone marrow
osteoporosis
loss of bone mass
osteopenia
bone mass deficiency (less severe than osteoporosis)
-penia
defiency
thrombocytopenia
deficiency of blood platelets that causes an inability of the blood to clot. A common cause of bleeding disorders.
lordosis
which is an abnormal bending forward of the lumbar spine
Kyphosis
an abnormal hump in the thoracic spine
chrondomalacia
softening of cartilage
costochondritis
inflamation of the cartilage of the ribs
arthrosis
any of several abnormal conditions of the joint
Baker cyst
Cyst of synovial fluid in the popliteal area of the leg. Associated with RA
bunion
common, painful enlargement of the joint at the base of the big toe (first metatarsophalangeal joint).
bursitis
Inflammation of a bursa
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
compression of the median nerve at the wrist
crepitus
crackling sound heard in joints
osteoarthritis (OA)
degenerative joint disease (DJD)… wearing down of the edges of the bone. Wear and tear disease.
osteophytosis
abnormal bone growth in a joint
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
inflammatory joint disease, believed to be autoimmune in nature, occurs in younger population than OA.
scleroderma
hardening and thickening of the skin
systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
chronic, systematic inflammation, unknown etiology, characterized by red, butterfly-like rash on nose and cheeks.
temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJ)
dysfunctional TMJ resulting in jaw pain
tendinitis
inflammation of a tendon
’- malacia
softening
kyphosis
extreme posterior curvature of the thoracic area of spine
lordosis
swayback, exaggerated anterior curve of the lumbar vertebrae
scoliosis
lateral S-curve of the spine
spinal stenosis
abnormal narrowing of the spinal canal
spondylosis
stiffening if vertebral joints
contracture
chronic fixation of a joint in flexion caused by atrophy and shortening of muscle fibers
fibromyalgia
muscoskeletal pain, fatigue, muscle stiffness and spasms, and sleep disturbances
plantar fasciitis
inflammation of the fascia on the sole of the foot
pathologic fractures (spontaneous…)
fractures resulting from an underlying disease
simple fracture
no skin break
compound fracture
broken skin raises the risk of infection
sprain
traumatic injury to a joint involving ligaments.
strain
overuse or overstretching of a muscle or tendon
dislocation
a bone completely out of place in a joint
subluxation
a bone partially out of joint
Compartment syndrome
swelling of the fascia
Colles fracture
at the distal end of the radius (wrist) at the epiphysis. occurs when trying to break a fall with hand.
comminuted fracture
crushed or shattered, several pieces
complicated fracture
broken bone pierces an internal organ
compression fracture
fractured area of bone collapses on itself
greenstick fracture
partially bent, partially broken. common in pediatrics due to softer bones in children
hairline fracture
minor fracture appearing as a thin line on X-ray
impacted fracture
broken bones with ends driven into each other
Salter Harris
fracture of the epiphyseal plate in children
chondrosarcoma
malignant tumor of the cartilage
leiomyosarcoma
malignant tumor of smooth muscle (most common in the uterus)
osteosarcoma
malignant tumor of the bone. aka Ewing sarcoma. most common peds bone cancer.
rhabdomyosarcoma
highly malignant tumor of skeletal muscle
neoplasm
abnormal growth of new tissue
malaise
a vague, uneasy feeling of bodily fatigue and discomfort.
arthrography
x-ray recording of a joint
arthroscopy
visual examination of a joint (with an arthroscope)
Computed tomography (CT)
imaging technology that records transverse planes of the body
DEXA Scan
Dual energy X-Ray absorptiometry - measures density of bone at the hip and spine
electomyography (EMG)
measure the electrical activity of muscles
magnetic resonance imaging
uses magnetic properties to record detailed information about internal structures
myelogram
x-ray of spinal column after injection of contrast medium
x-ray (radiograph)
uses electromagnetic radiation for recording internal structures
goniometry
measures a joints range of motion (used at PT)
Phalen test
diagnostic test for carpal tunnel syndrome
Range of motion testing
assesses degree to which joint can be flexed and extended
rheumatoid factor test
lab test for RF present in blood for RA patients
serum calcium (Ca)
test to measure the amount of calcium in the blood
myopathy
disease of the muscle
myasthenia gravis (MG)
chronic muscle weakness. potentially caused by disruption of the transmission of impulses from nerve to muscle cells.
arthrocentesis
the joint space is punctured with a surgical needle and synovial fluid is removed for analysis
-centesis
surgical puncture to remove fluid
Arthrodesis
the surgical binding (–desis) or stabilization of a joint
reduction (manipulation)
process of alignment of the bone (external or internal)
ORIF
open reduction and internal fixation
CREF
closed reduction and external fixation
arthrodesis
binding or stabilization of a joint by surgical means
arthroplasty
general term for surgical repair of a joint
laminectomy
removal of the bony arches of one or more vertebrae
meniscectomy
removal of a meniscus such as in the knee
myorrhaphy
suture of a muscle
kyphoplasty
injection of cement-like substance to repair fractured vertebrae
operative ankylosis
procedure for treatment of spinal fractures
osteoclasis
intentional refracture of a bone
osteoplasty
surgical repair of bone
prosthesis
artificial body part
syndesmoplasty
surgical repair of a ligament
tenomyoplasty
surgical repair of muscle or tendon
total hip replacement (THR)
replacement of the femoral head and acetabulum of the hip
Total Knee Replacement (TKR)
replacement of the entire knee joint
traction
pulling a body part into correct alignment
endoscopic diskectomy
aspiration of a disc through a tube inserted through the skin.
