Chapter 3: Minerals And Rocks Flashcards
Substances that are found naturally in the earth and have a crystalline structure
Minerals
The branch of geology that deals with the identification and classification of minerals
Mineralogy
Substances that cost naturally in the earth’s crust as single, unconvinced elements. (This is the smallest group of mineral classification.)
Native elements
Compounds made with the elements fluorine, bromine, chlorine, or iodine. (Examples include: halite, sylvite, and flourished.)
Halides
Two specific minerals that contains the element sulfur
Sulfides (pyrite and cinnabar)
Sulfates (anhydride and gypsum)
Minerals that contain the element oxygen bonded to a metal
Oxides
Minerals containing carbon bonded to oxygen
Carbonates
BONUS: What is the most common carbonate mineral?
Calcite
Minerals containing the element phosphorous bonded to four oxygen atoms
Phosphates
The largest mineral group which composes over 90% of the earth’s crust
Silicates (all of which contain silicon, oxygen, and other elements)
Geometric structures that are composed of atoms or molecules and have an orderly arrangement (this characteristic is shared by all minerals)
Crystals
The many flat surfaces of a crystal
Faces
The line of powder left by a mineral on a piece of unglazed porcelain
Streak
The way light is reflected from the surface of a mineral
Luster
The resistance of a smooth surface of a mineral to being scratched
Hardness
Hardness scale that is rated 1-10 (from softest to hardest), providing a standard of comparison for all other minerals
Mohs scale
The tendency of a mineral to break readily along certain flat surfaces (planes), producing fragments with he same shape as the parent mineral
Cleavage
Minerals that do not possess the ability to break readily along flat surfaces break in different shapes. This property is called…
Fracture
A number that compares an object’s density to the density of water
Specific gravity
The ratio of the mass of any volume of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of water
Specific gravity
Test of placing a drop of diluted hydrochloric _________ on a specimen of a mineral
Acid test
Property of a mineral that causes it to glow when exposed to ultraviolet light
Flourescence
Property of a mineral that causes it to continue to glow for a while after being exposed to ultraviolet light, then placed in the dark
Phosphorescence
Another hardness test used for industrial purposes, which consists of striking a small, very hard ball into the material being tested
Brinell hardness test
General term for extracting minerals from the earth
Mining
6 of the most important metals extracted from the earth
Gold, silver, copper, iron, aluminum, and platinum
Any mineral containing a valuable metallic element is called an ______.
Ore (e.g. hematite is an iron ore)
The science of extracting metals from the earth and preparing them for use
Metallurgy
Three steps of metallurgy
- Extracting
- Refining
- Shaping
The most abundant element in the earth’s crust
Aluminum
The refining process which included heating the metal in a high-pressure container with lye (sodium hydroxide)
Bayer process
Refining process that involves dissolving the chemical (produced in the Bayer process) in the mineral cryolite and using electricity to remove the final refined metal
Hall-Heroult process