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Micro > Chapter 3 - Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Macronutrients

A

nutrients needed in large amounts

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2
Q

Micronutrients

A

nutrients needed in small amounts
-trace metals and growth factors

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3
Q

Nutrients

A

supply of monomers (or precursors of) required for cell growth

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4
Q

Carbon

A

bacterial cell is ~50% carbon
heterotrophs use organic carbon
autotrophs use carbon dioxide

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5
Q

Nitrogen

A

proteins, nucleic acids
in nature: ammonia, nitrate (NO3-), nitrogen gas
nearly all microbes use ammonia

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6
Q

Phosphorus

A

nucleic acids and phospholipids

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7
Q

sulfur

A

sulfur-containing amino acids
- cysteine/methionine
vitamins

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8
Q

potassium

A

required for enzymes for activity

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9
Q

magnesium

A

stabilizes ribosomes, membranes, and nucleic acids
- also required for enzyme activity

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10
Q

calcium/sodium

A

required by some microbes
- marine microbes

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11
Q

Growth factors

A

organic compounds required in small amounts in some organisms
- vitamins, amino acids, purines, pyrimidine

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12
Q

Vitamins

A

most frequently required growth factor
- most function as enzymes

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13
Q

Active transport

A

accumulates solutes against concentration gradient
3 classes
- simple transport, group translocations, ABC transporter

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14
Q

Simple transport

A

driven by proton motive force
- symport/antiport

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15
Q

symport

A

solute and protons co-transported in one direction (E. coli lac permease)

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16
Q

antiport

A

solute and proton transported in opposite directions

17
Q

Group translocation

A
  • substance transported is chemically modified
  • energy-rich compound drives motion (not proton motive force)
18
Q

Phosphotransferase system

A

in E. coli
- group translocation
- transport sugars, glucose, mannose, and fructose in

19
Q

ABC transport

A

ATP-binding cassette
high substrate affinity
requires transmembrane and ATP-hydrolyzing proteins
Gram -: periplasmic binding proteins
Gram +: substrate-binding proteins on external surface of membrane

20
Q

Chemoorganotrophs

A

conserve energy from chemicals > organic

21
Q

Chemolithotrophs

A

oxidize inorganic compounds (H2, H2S, NH4+)
- “sulfur” bacteria, “nitrifying” bacteria, “iron” bacteria

22
Q

Phototrophs

A

convert light into ATP

23
Q

Heterotrophs

A

obtain carbon from organics

24
Q

Autotrophs

A

obtain carbon from CO2

25
Q

Free energy

A

G - energy released that is available to do work
- change in energy during a reaction delta G

26
Q

Exergonic

A

negative delta G
-release free energy

27
Q

Endergonic

A

positive delta G
-acquire energy

28
Q

Free energy of formation

A

Gf - energy released or required during formation of a molecule from its elements
A + B -> C + D
delta G = Gf(C + D) - Gf(A + B)

29
Q

Activation energy

A

minimum energy required for molecules to become reactive
- catalyst lowers energy

30
Q

Enzymes

A

biological catalysts
typically proteins (some RNAs)
active site : binds substrate

31
Q

Prosthetic groups

A

tightly bound
usually bind covalently and permanently

32
Q

coenzymes

A

loosely bound
most are derivative of vitamins

33
Q

chemiosmosis theory

A

all living cells use a reduction potential gradient between a primary electron donor and a terminal electron acceptor to ultimately generate energy (proton motive force) for phosphorylation reactions (ATP synthesis)

34
Q

reduction potential

A

tendency to donate electrons
- more negative E’ donates to more positive E’

35
Q

Oxygen (redox)

A

strongest significant natural electron acceptor

36
Q

Long-term energy storage in prokaryotes

A

glycogen, poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate, elemental sulfur

37
Q

Long-term energy storage in eukaryotes

A

starch, lipids

38
Q

Fermentation

A

anaerobic catabolism in which organic compounds donate and accept electrons

39
Q

Respiration

A

aerobic or anaerobic catabolism in which a donor is oxidized with O2 (aerobic) or other compounds (anaerobic) as an electron acceptor

Micro (9 decks)

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