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Micro > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Culture

A

a collection of cells that have been grown on or in a nutrient medium

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2
Q

Medium

A

a liquid or solid nutrient mixture containing all of the nutrients required for a microbe to grow

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3
Q

Cytoplasm

A

an aqueous mixture of macromolecules, small organic molecules, various inorganic molecules and ribosomes

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4
Q

Ribosomes

A

structures responsible for protein synthesis

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5
Q

eukarya

A

cells containing membrane-enclosed structures (organelles), ie. mitochondria, nucleus, chloroplasts

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6
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

lack a nucleus and typically lack organelles

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7
Q

All cells have:

A

a cytoplasmic membrane, ribosomes, and a genome

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8
Q

nucleoid

A

a mass of aggregated chromosome within a prokaryotic cell

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9
Q

plasmids

A

small circles of DNA not associated to that of the chromosome (in prokaryotic cells)
- contain non-essential genes, can be expelled, high energy cost to replicate during duplication

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10
Q

properties of ALL cells:

A

Metabolism, growth, evolution

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11
Q

metabolism

A

taking up nutrients, converting them to energy, expelling waste

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12
Q

catabolism

A

large molecules broken down into energy and smaller parts

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13
Q

anabolism

A

creation of macromolecules

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14
Q

properties of SOME cells:

A

differentiation, communication, horizontal DNA transfer, motility

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15
Q

differentiation

A

formation of modified cells specialized for growth, dispersal, or survival

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16
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

exchange of genes between neighbouring cells, regardless of their species

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17
Q

rod-shaped cell

A

bacillus

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18
Q

spherical cell

A

coccus

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19
Q

spiral-shaped cell

A

spirillum

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20
Q

spirochetes

A

spiral shape, but flexible unlike the rigid spirillum

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21
Q

What enables Thiomargartia and Epulopiscium to be so large?

A

many copies of their genome throughout the cytoplasm
-prevents diffusional limitation between the genome and any region of the cytoplasm

(Thiomargarita also has a large vacuole in the middle of its cell)

22
Q

3 domains to life

A

Archaea, Eukarya, Bacteria

23
Q

Bacteria

A

prokaryotic cell structure. diverse appearance, size, and functions.
most are unicellular, but can be multicellular
80 phyla, 90% within 4

24
Q

Archaea

A

Prokaryotic cell structure. 5 phyla. Thought to be extremophiles, but appear in nonextreme environments (ie. methanogens in animal guts)
- lack pathenogenic species

25
Q

`1

Eukarya

A

Plants, animals, fungi
- phylogenetically young (Cambrian explosion ~600mya)
unicellular eukaryotes
- 2 Bya

Very unique and diverse in size, appearance, function, and physiology

26
Q

Viruses

A

Not on the tree of life (not cellular)

  • can replicate
  • no metabolism (take over metabolism of host)
  • genomes comprised of DNA or RNA, double or single-stranded
27
Q

Thaurmarchaeota

A

archaea that inhabit soils and oceans
- important contributors to the nitrogen cycle

28
Q

Five phyla of archaea

A
  1. Euryarchaeota
  2. Crenarchaeota
  3. Thaumarchaeota
  4. Nanoarchaeota
  5. Korarchaeota
29
Q

90% of bacteria are found in these 4 phyla:

A
  1. Actinobacteria
  2. Firmicutes
  3. Proteobacteria
  4. Bacteroidetes
30
Q

LUCA

A

Last Universal Common Ancestor
(~3.8 Bya)

31
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

oxygen-producing phototroph bacteria
evolved ~2 Bya

32
Q

how much of the earth’s lifetime was exclusively microbial?

A

80%

33
Q

Nodules

A

structures in the roots of legumes where bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia (nitrogen fixation) - fertilizer for the plant

34
Q

Ruminants

A
  • lack enzymes for cellulose breakdown
  • have a special chamber called the rumen where microbes digest and ferment cellulose
35
Q

Industrial microbiology

A

wastewater treatment, bioremediation, biofilms, biotechnology, fermentation, biofuels

36
Q

Biofuels

A

natural gas - methane, product of anaerobic metabolism of methanogenic Archaea
ethanol - produced by microbial fermentation of glucose from carbon-rich feedstocks (sugarcane, corn)

37
Q

bioremediation

A

microbes are used to transform oil spills, solvents, pesticides, heavy metals, and other environmental toxins into nontoxic forms

38
Q

wastewater treatment

A

microbes are used to treat waste water to be reused or returned to the environment
- cholera and typhoid can be removed

39
Q

Van Leeuwenhoek

A

First person to see bacteria in 1676

40
Q

Resolution

A

ability to distinguish two adjacent objects as distinct and separate
- low resolution value = high resolution power (see objects VERY close together)

41
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

chemist who studied the chemistry of crystal formation during alcohol production
- led to discoveries in fermentation, spontaneous generation, pasteurization, and vaccine creation

42
Q

Robert Koch

A

Created germ theory
- Koch’s postulates
- dyed tuberculosis cells

43
Q

Koch’s postulates

A
  1. suspected pathogen must be present in the diseased organism and absent in healthy organisms
  2. suspected pathogen can be grown in pure culture
  3. pure culture can infect healthy organisms
  4. suspected pathogen can be reisolated and shown to be the same as the original
44
Q

chemolithotrophy

A

metabolic process in which energy for growth is produced using inorganic chemical compounds
- defined by Winogradsky

45
Q

enrichment culture technique

A

use culture media and selective incubation to selectively encourage growth of specific microbes
- developed by Martinus Beijerinck

46
Q

rRNA are good candidates for phylogenetic analysis because they were:

A
  1. present in all cells
  2. functionally constant
  3. highly conserved in their nucleic acid sequence
  4. of adequate length to provide a deep view of evolutionary relationships
47
Q

euchromatin

A

loosely packaged, lighter DNA

Eukarya

48
Q

Heterochromatin

A

tightly packaged, darker DNA

Eukarya

49
Q

Nucleolar organizing center

A

site of active transcription, rRNA and other machinery

Eukarya

50
Q

Histones

A

proteins that package DNA into chromosomes

Eukarya

Micro (9 decks)

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