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Theory of Knowledge > Chapter 3: Language- Key Points and Terms to Remember > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Language- Key Points and Terms to Remember Flashcards

1
Q

Where does a great deal of our knowledge come from and what does this make possible?

A

A great deal of our knowledge comes through language and this makes possible an intellectual division on labor.

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2
Q

What is language?

A

Language is a subset of communication and is rule-governed, intended, and creative.

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3
Q

Before we decide whether a sentence is true or false what do we need to do first?

A

We need to understand what a sentence means before we can decide whether it is true or false.

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4
Q

What types of meanings have shortcomings and what should we say instead?

A

Since the definition, denotation, and image theories of meaning all have shortcomings, perhaps we should say that meaning is a matter of know-how.

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5
Q

What is a great deal of language and what element is present?

A

A great deal of language is ambiguous and there is an element of interpretation built into all communication.

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6
Q

What do different languages do and what is translation?

A

Since different languages divide the world up in different ways translation is more of an art than a science.

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7
Q

What do we use language for and what danger comes with this?

A

We use language to label and classify and this brings with it the danger that we misclassify or stereotype things.

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8
Q

What does language not do as claimed by what hypothesis? What might it do instead?

A

Although language may not determine our experience of reality, as claimed by the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, it seems likely that it influences it.

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9
Q

What else do we use language for in addition to describing?

A

We use language not only to describe, but also to influence and persuade and sometimes manipulate the way we see things.

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10
Q

What is a matter of continuing debate in language?

A

Whether or not there are some truths that lie beyond language is a matter of continuing debate?

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11
Q

What is ambiguity?

A

having more than one meaning; one part of problematic meaning

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12
Q

What is back translation?

A

when we retranslate a translation back into its original language, it should approximate to the original

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13
Q

What is body language?

A

intended language in which the body projects actions or signals outwards to communicate messages

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14
Q

What is classification?

A

a way to label things and put in groups by common characteristics

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15
Q

What is communication?

A

relaying feelings or information either through intentional or non-intentional means

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16
Q

What is connotation?

A

secondary meaning; emotional meaning behind a word

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17
Q

What is denotation?

A

primary meaning; dictionary definition of word

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18
Q

What is emotive meaning?

A

the aura of favorable or unfavorable feeling that hovers about a word

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19
Q

What is euphemism?

A

mild or neutral sounding words substituted in for a negative sounding one

20
Q

What is grammar?

A

gives the rules for how to combine words in the correct order, and it helps to determine the meaning of a sentence

21
Q

What is idiom?

A

a colloquial expression whose meaning cannot be worked out from the meanings of the words it contains

22
Q

What is irony?

A

the saying of one things in order to mean the opposite

23
Q

What is linguistic determinism?

A

the idea that language and its structures limit and determine human knowledge or though as well as though processes such as categorization, memory, and perception

24
Q

What is metaphor?

A

a figure of speech that identifies one thing as being the same as some unrelated other thing , for rhetorical effect, thus highlighting the similarities between the two

25
Q

What is Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

A

language determines our experience of reality and we can see and think only what our language allows us to see

26
Q

What is stereotype?

A

assumptions about a group of people purely on the basis of their membership of that group

27
Q

What are weasel words?

A

words such as “many”, “should”, and “probably” which people slip into sentences to give themselves and escape route

28
Q

What is having more than one meaning; one part of problematic meaning?

A

Ambiguity

29
Q

What is when we retranslate a translation back into its original language, it should approximate to the original?

A

Back Translation

30
Q

What is intended language in which the body projects actions or signals outwards to communicate messages?

A

Body Language

31
Q

What is a way to label things and put in groups by common characteristics?

A

Classification

32
Q

What is relaying feelings or information either through intentional or non-intentional means?

A

Communication

33
Q

What is secondary meaning; emotional meaning behind a word?

A

Connotation

34
Q

What is primary meaning; dictionary definition of word?

A

Denotation

35
Q

What is the aura of favorable or unfavorable feeling that hovers about a word?

A

Emotive Meaning

36
Q

What is mild or neutral sounding words substituted in for a negative sounding one?

A

Euphemism

37
Q

What is gives the rules for how to combine words in the correct order, and it helps to determine the meaning of a sentence?

A

Grammar

38
Q

What is a colloquial expression whose meaning cannot be worked out from the meanings of the words it contains?

A

Idiom

39
Q

What is the saying of one things in order to mean the opposite?

A

Irony

40
Q

What is the idea that language and its structures limit and determine human knowledge or though as well as though processes such as categorization, memory, and perception?

A

Linguistic Determinism

41
Q

What is a figure of speech that identifies one thing as being the same as some unrelated other thing , for rhetorical effect, thus highlighting the similarities between the two?

A

Metaphor

42
Q

What is language determines our experience of reality and we can see and think only what our language allows us to see?

A

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

43
Q

What is assumptions about a group of people purely on the basis of their membership of that group?

A

Stereotype

44
Q

What is words such as “many”, “should”, and “probably” which people slip into sentences to give themselves and escape route?

A

Weasel Words

45
Q

What are the 3 problems of meaning?

A

Definition Theory; Denotation Theory; Image Theory

46
Q

What are the 5 parts of problematic meaning?

A

Vagueness; Ambiguity; Secondary Meaning; Metaphor; Irony

47
Q

What are the 3 problems of translation?

A

Context; Untranslatable Words; Idioms

Theory of Knowledge (4 decks)

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