Chapter 3/ lab 2 Flashcards
Chapter 3 lecture
what does the cell theory say?
all organsim are composed of cells and cell products
simplest structure and functional unit of life
all orgasim activity are due cells
come from pre existing matter
all species have funfamental similarities in chemical composition and metabolic mechanism
chapter 3 lecture
cell facts
human cell size are 10-15 micrometers
egg cell very large 100 micrometer
nerve cell 1 meter long. longest human cell
cell growth increases volume more than surface area
can rupter if too big
chapter 3 lecture
what is cytoplasm
fluid b/w the nucleus and surface membrane
chapter 3 lecture
what is resolution
ability to reveal detail of electron microscopes reveals ultrastructure
reveals ultrastructure etc. organelles, cytoskeleton and cytosol
chapter 3
what is resoluton?
it allows us to reveal finer details in a microscope
chapter 3 lecture
what is the cell membrane?
it is made of protiens and lipids and it surrounds the cells.
composition can vary from one region of the cell to another
chapter 3 lecture
what does cytoplasm constitute
has organelles, cytoskeleton, cytosol (intracellular fluid- icf)
chapter 3 lecture
what is extracellular fluid?
it is fluid outside of the cell
chapter 3 lecture
what is the unit membrane?
forms border of cell and many of its organelles
appears as a pair of dark parallel lines around cell
chapter 3 lecture
describe the plasma membrane
defines the cell bounderies, goversn interaction with cells, controls passage of materials in and out of cell
has an intracellular face that faces cyoplasm
has extracellular face that faces outward
has an oily film of lipids with diverse proteins embedded
chapter 3 lecture
what are membrane receptors
it allows for cell communication via chemical signals
these protiens are located on plasma membrane
binds to hormone, neurotrsnsmitter chemicals
chapter 3 lecture
what are membrane enzymes
in plasma membrane, they carry out final stages of starch and protein digestion in small intestine
helps produce second messengers (cAMP)
break down chemical messengers and hormones whose have finished their jobs
stops excessive stimulation
chapter 3 lecture
what are ion channels
they are transmembrane proteins with pores
allows h2o and dissolved ions to pass through membrane
some open, some are gate channels that open and close though stimuli
plays important in timing of nerve signals and muscle contraction
chapter 3 lecture
what are some gated channels?
ligand-chemically regulated gates)
volatage regulated gates
mechanically regulated gates (stretch and pressure)
chapter 3 lecture
what do transmembrane carriers do
they bind to glucose, electrolytes and other solutes and transfers them across the membrane and uses ATP
also know as pumps
chapter 3 lecture
what are glycocalyx?
they are cell identy markers with carbohydrate surface coating. enables our body to identify which cells belong to which foreign invaders
chapter 3 lecture
what contributes to the glycocalyx
Glycoproteins contribute the surface
chapter 3 lecture
what do cell adhesion molecules do?
adhere cell to each other and to extracellur material
cells can’t grow or survive unless mechanically linked to E.C.F
chapter 3 lecture
what else does glycocalyx have
has fuzzy unique coat external to plasma membrane
Carbohydrate moiety of glycoproteins/glycolipids
unique in all except twins
chapter 3 lecture
what are glycocalyx functions
protects, immunity, cancer defense, cell adhesion, fertilization, transplant comp, embryo develop.
chapter 3 lecture
what are microvilli
extension of membrane to increase surface area up to 15-40
specialize to absorb
chapter 3 lecture
what are cilia
single non motile primary antenna for monitoring near by conditons
chapter 3 lecture
where can cilia be located
in the ear for sensory, retina, nasal cavity, and kidney
chapter 3 lecture
what do motile cilia do?
sweeps substances across surface in same direction
can do power strokes followed by recovery strokes
they beat in waves to move
chapter 3 lecture
describe cystic fibrosis
a hereditary disease that does not install choride pumps in plasma membrane. A saline layer exist due t the action of chloride pumps moving chloride out if cells
the thick mucus created by the disease plugs pancreatic ducts snd rerspiratory tract
digestion of nutrients becomes inadequate and absorption of oxygen
chronic respitory infections
life expectancy of 30
no pumps in membrane then no saline layer that gets created by pumps
chapter 3 lecture
what are flagella
sperm tail and functional, moves like snake, longer than cilia and has no recovery stroke
chapter 3 lecture
what is plasma membrane
a barrier and a gateway betwen the cytoplasm and ECF and has a selective permeable
chapter 3 lecture
what is passive transport mechanism
it requires not atp but uses random molecular motion of particles provides energy
provides filtration diffusion and osmosis
chapter 3 lecture
what is active transport mechanism
consumes atp and includes active transport and vesicular transport
chapter 3 lecture
what is carrier mediated mechanisms
it uses membrane protein to transport substances from one side of the membrane to the other side
chapter 3 lecture
what is filtration
particles are driven trhough selectively permeable membrane by hydrostatic pressure
ex. filtration of nutrients through gap blood capillary walls into tissue, also waste from blood in the kidneys while holding back cells and proteins
hydrostatic pressure (force exerted on a membrane by water)
chapter 3 lecture
what is simple diffusion
the net movement of particles from area of high concentrion to area of low or movement down the concentration gradient
this is due to constant spontaneous motion
chapter 3 lecture
factors affecting diffusion rates
temp increase= particle movement increase
molecular movement=bigger means slower
steepness concentrated gradient-the bigger the difference the faster the rate.
membrane surface area- the greater the surface area the faster the rate
membrane permeability-the more permeable the ion the high the rate. cells can change their permeability by adding channel proteins, or opening and closing gates
what diffuses through lipid bilayer
nonpolar, hydrophobic, lipid soluble substances
chapter 3 lecture
what diffuses through channel proteins
water, charged hydrophilic solutes
chapter 3 lecture
what are aquaporins
channel proteins specialized for passage of water
chapter 3 lecture my skull
what is tonicity ?
ability of a solution to affect fluid volume and pressure in a cell
chapter 3 lecture
what is hypotonic solution?
there is too much water in cell and it swells then bursts
chapter 3 lecture
what is hypertonic solution?
cell dries and looses water then crenates
chapter 3 lecture
what is isotonic?
concentrations in cell and icf are the same
chapter 3 lecture
what are carrier mediated transport proteins or just transport proteins.?
they are proteins that are specific to a ligand (molecule). Solute Binds to specific receptor site on carrier protein
chapter 3 lecture
what are 2 types of carrier mediated transport?
facilitated diffusion and active transport
chapter 3 lecture
describe facilitated diffusion
a carrier mediated transport of solute through a membrane down its concetration gradient from high to low
does not consume atp
ex.uniport, symport, antiport
chapter 3 lecture
what is active transport?
uses atp, transports against it’s gradient, from low to high
ex. Na/K pump
pump C+ out of cell
bringing amino acids in cell
antiport
chapter 3 lecture
what are 3 kinds of carriers
uniport (carriers on solute at a time)
symport(carries 2 or more solutes simultaneously in the same direction called cotransport)
antiport (carries 2 or more solutes in opposite directions called countertransport ex. sodium potassium pumps
chapter 3 lecture
describe sodium potassium pump
3 sodiums come out while adding 2 na into the cell
keeps K+ higher and Na+ lowere in the ecf
chapter 3 lectures
what are vesicular transport
bubble like enclosures of plasma membrane material that move particles , fluid droplets, other molecules
consumes ATP
chapter 3 lecture
what is endocytosis
brings material into the cell
chapter 3 lecture
what are 3 types of endocytosis
phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor mediated endocytosis
chapter 3 lecture
what are phagocytosis ?
it is cell eating of large particles
examples are pseudopods, phagosomes, and macrophages
chapter 3 lecture
what are pinocytsis
it is cell drinking, taking droplets of ECF containing molecules into the cell
example of one is pinocytic vesicle
chapter 3 lecture
what are receptor mediated endocytosis
particles bind to specific receptors on plasma membrane
example of one clathrin coated vesicle
chapter 3 lecture
what is exocytosis
discharging of material by the atp by fusing with secretory vesicle into the plasma membrane
addition of more plasma membrane is removed by endocytosis. homeostasis
chapter 3 lecture
whagt is the structure of cytplasm
has organelles, cytoskeleton and inclusion embedded in gelatinous cytosol
chapter 3 lecture
what are organelles
internal structures that carry out specialized metobilic task
chapter 3 lecture
what are membranous organelle
oraganelles surrounded by a distinict membrane in 1 or 2 layers
ex. nucleus, mitichondria, lysosome, peroxisome, E.Rn and golgi complex
chapter 3 lecture
what is a cytoskeleton
microfiliments, intermediate filaments and microtubules that support organelles
chapter 3 lecture
what are cell inlcusions
store cellular components and fat droplets
chapter 3 lecture
what is the nucleus
largest organelle, some have no nucleus call anuclear and others mave many caled multinecleate
chapter 3 lecture
what is nuclear envelope
a 2 unit membran that surrounds nucleus,
it is perforated by nuclear pores by rings of proteins
regulates molecular traffic
chapter 3 lecture
what is the nucleoplasm
the material suspending things in the nucleus.
has chromatin composed of dna and protein,
has nucleoli. one or more dark masses where ribosomes are produced
chapter 3 lecture
what is the endoplasmic reticulum
a system of interconnected channels called cisternae enclosed by unit membrane
chapter 3 lecture
what is the rough endoplasmic reticulum
conitniuous with outer membrane of nuclear envelope with ribosome that produces the phospholipid and protein of the plasma membrane and synthesizes proteins that are packaged in other organelles or secreted from cell
chapter 3 lecture
what is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
lacks ribosomes, cisternae more tubular and branching and though to be continous with those of rough er. sythersizes steroids and the other lipids. detoxifies alcohol and other drugs
manufactures all membranes of the cell
chapter 3 lecture
what are ribosomes
small granules of protein and rna
found in nucleoli, cytosol, outer surface of er and the nuclear envelope
reads code messages (mrna) and assemble amino acids into protein specific by code
chapter 3 lecture
what is the golgi complex
a small system of cisternae that synthesize carbohydrates
puts finishing touches on protein and glycoprotein synthesis
recieves new protein from rough er
then changes it around then packages into membrane bound golgi vesicle
some become lysosomes, plasma membrane (fusion), or secretory vesicles
chapter 3 lecture
what are lysosomes
package of enzymes bound by a single unit membrane,
intracellular hydrolytic digestion. digests of proteins, nucleic acids, complex carbohydrates, phospholopids and other substance
chapter 3 lecture
what is autophagy
digest and disposes of worn out mitochondria and other organelles
a lysosome
chapter 3 lecture
what is autolysis
cell suicide, some cells are meant to do a certain job and then destroy tehmselves
a lysosome
chapter 3 lecture
what are peroxisomes
resembles lysosome, contain different enzymes and not produced by golgi complex
used for molecular oxygen to oxidized organic molecules to produce hydrogen peroxide h202
catalase breaks dow excess peroxide to h20 and 02
neutralize free radicals detoxify alcohol , other drugs and a variety of blood borne toxins
breaks fatty accids into acetyl groups for mitochondrail use in at sysnthesis. abundant in liver and kidney
chapter 3 lecture
what are mitochondrion
synthesizes atp
has a double unit membrane has folds called cristae
spaces between cristae are called matrix
matrix contains rbosomes, enzymes used for atp synthesis and small circular mDNA
energy is extracted from organic molecules and transferred to atp
chapter 3 lecture
what are centrioles
a short cylindrical assembly of microtubles arranged in nine groups of 3 microtubules each
the centrosome plays in cell division
chapter 3 lecture
what do cytoskeletons do?
they deterine the shape of the cell, structural support, contributes to movement
composed of microfiliments ( a protein called actin
forms a network on the cytoplamsic side called terminal web ( membrane skeleton)
what are intermediate fibers
thicker and stiffer than microfiliments
resists stress placed on cell
paricipates junctions to attach cells to their neighbors
chapter 3 lecture
what are microtubules
cylinders made of 13 parallel strands called protofiliments
chapter 3 lecture
what are inclusions
they are 2 types
1.stored cellular products
(glycogen granules, pigments and fat droplets)
2.foreign bodies ( virues, intracellur bacteria , and dust particles debris phagocytized by cell
