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Chapter 3: Introduction to Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Question

What is the definition for the study of cells?

A

Cytology

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2
Q

Question

Cyto =

Logos =

What are the definitions of these terms?

A

“Cell”

“Study of”

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3
Q

What did Robert Hooke accomplish?

Specifically in 1665

A

Cork Cells

(Micrographia)

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4
Q

What did R. Brown accomplish?

Specifically in 1833

A

He attributed to the discovery of the Nucleus.

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5
Q

What did M. Schleiden discover?

Specifically in 1838

A

All plants are made out of cells

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6
Q

What is T. Schwann known for?

Specifically in 1839

A

He made a conclusion that all animals are made up of cells

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7
Q

What did Virchow claim?

In 1885

A

That cells are from other cells. In other words, cells reproducing new cells.

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8
Q

What is the Cell Theory?

A
  • Cells are the structural units of all living things
  • Cells are the functional units of living things
  • Cells are from preexisting cells (In reference to Virchow’s conclusion)
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9
Q

What are the processes of the Cell?

Specifically 11 of them

A
  • Absorption
  • Digestion
  • Synthesis
  • Respiration
  • Movement
  • Irritability
  • Excretion
  • Egestion
  • Secretion
  • Homeostasis
  • Reproduction
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10
Q

What is Digestion

A

When Cells eat enzymes to break down substances

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11
Q

Synthesis

A

Putting together organic molecules

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12
Q

Respiration

A

The breaking down of food to release energy

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13
Q

Secretion

A

Putting together and then secreted

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14
Q

Homeostasis

A

Balance, steady state

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15
Q

Solubility

A

The ability of one subtance to dissolve in other susbstance

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16
Q

Cellular Organization

There are 2 of those

A
  1. Unicellular
  2. Multicellular
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17
Q

Unicellular

A
  • Consists of ONE cell
  • Examples include bacteria, many protozoans, and some algae and fungi
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18
Q

Multicellular

A
  • An organism made up of many cells
  • Colonial
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19
Q

Colonial

A
  • A group of similar cells living together that could exist separately
  • Examples include many algae and fungi
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20
Q

Multicellular Levels

A

* Tissues = groups of similar cells
* Organs = groups of tissues
* Systems = groups of organs

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21
Q

Structures of the cell

Main three structures

A
  • Boundaries
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus
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22
Q

Organelle

A

Literally meaning = “Little Organ”

It is a structure inside the cell that performs a specific function

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23
Q

Types of Cells

Main 2 of them

A
  • Prokaryotic
  • Eukaryotic
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24
Q

Prokaryotic

A

LACKS a TRUE NUCLEUS
Have only NON-MEMBRANE-BOUND organelles

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25
Q

Prokaryotic

A

Lacks a TRUE NUCLEUS
Have only NON-MEMBRANE-BOUND organelles

26
Q

Eukaryotic

A

HAS a TRUE NUCLEUS
Have membrane-bound AND non-membrane-bound organelles

27
Q

Types of boundaries of a cell

A
  1. Cell membrane
  2. Cell Wall
  3. Capsule or Sheath

More info in next cards

28
Q

Cell membrane

A
  • Outermost boundary
  • Surrounds every cell
  • Composed of lipids and proteins
  • Lipid Bilayer (Phospholipids)
  • Hydrophilic & Hydrophobic ends
29
Q

Cell Well

A
  • Primarily composed of cellulose
  • Plants, algae, fungi, many protozoans and bacteria
30
Q

Capsule or Sheath

A
  • Many unicellular and colonial organisms
  • Extra protection
31
Q

Cytoplasm

A

All of the material within the cell membrane except the nucleus

32
Q

Cytoplasmic Organelles

A
  1. Mitochondria
  2. Ribosomes

More info in later cards

33
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • “Powerhouse of the cell”
    -Center of cellular respiration
34
Q

Cristae

A
  • The inner folds of a mitochondria
  • Contain enzymes for cellular respiration
35
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A
  • Often called the “ER”
  • Folds of membranes running throughout the cytoplasm
  • Rough & Smooth
  • Channel & Synthesis
36
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A
  • Composed of flat, curved membrane-covered sacs
  • Synthesis & Secretion
37
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • Contain enzymes for digestion
  • Destroy old of useless cell structures
  • Like the garbage truck of the cell
38
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • The system of fibers within the cell that provides structure for the cell
  • Microtubules
  • Centrosoe
  • Microfilaments (Smaller than Microtubules)
39
Q

Flagella and Cillia

A
  1. Flagellum
    * Long, whip-like structure
    * Motility
  2. Cillia
    * Short, hair like structures
    * Motility
40
Q

Plastids

A
  • Found in the cells of plants and algae but not in animal cells
  • Leucoplasts (Leuco = Clear) are storehouses for plant products
  • Chromoplasts (Chromo = Color) contain pigments. Chlorophil are the most abundant Chromoplasts
41
Q

Vacuoles

A
  • Membrane-bound sacs for storage
  • Vesicle = a small vacuole
42
Q

Vacuole Functions

A

Food = Ingestion

Waste = Egestion

Central = Maintains turgor pressure in plant cells

Contractile = Removes extra water from unicellular organisms

Secretion = Secretes

43
Q

Plant Cells

A
  • Central Vacuole
  • Cell wall
  • Plastids
44
Q

Nucleus

A
  • Control Center
  • Nuclear Envelope
  • Chromatin Material
  • Nucleolus (Concentrated RNA) (Ribosome Synthesis)
45
Q

Homeostasis

A

Dynamic Equilibrium

46
Q

Environment of Cells

A
  1. Isotonic (Equal)
  2. Hypotonic (Under or beneath)
  3. Hypertonic (Over and beyond)
47
Q

Isotonic Solution

A
  • The concentration of solutes & water in the solution equals the concentration of solutes and water inside the cell
  • Red blood cells are an example
  • No net movement (Already reached equilibrium)
48
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A
  1. The concentration of solutes is lower in the solution than inside the cell
  2. Water will move INTO the cell
  3. Gain water too quickly
  4. May have structures to prevent cytolysis
    - Cell Wall
    - Contractile Vacuole
49
Q

Cytolysis

A

The bursting of a cell due to internal water pressure

50
Q

Hypertonic Solution

A
  1. The ratio of solutes to water is HIGHER in the solution than inside of the cell
  2. More water and less solutes inside of the cell
  3. Water will move out of the cell
  4. Lose water too quickly
  5. Usually have difficulty dealing with this type of environment
51
Q

Plasmolysis

A

The collapse of a cell due to loss of water

52
Q

Temperature

A
  • Optimal point
  • Optimal Range
  • Range of Tolerance
  • Limit of Tolerance
53
Q

Transport of Substances into Cells

A

The cell membrane is semipermeable or selectively permeable

54
Q

Passive Transport

A
  • Movement of molecules with the concentration gradient
  • Does NOT REQUIRE ENERGY
  • Example: Osmosis/Diffusion
  • Facilited Diffusion
  • High to low
55
Q

Factors affecting transport

A
  • Concentration
  • Size & Weight
  • Shape
  • Charge
  • Fat-solubility
  • Composition of the membrane
56
Q

Active Transport

A
  • Movement of molecules AGAINST the concentration gradient
  • Requires energy
  • Low to high concentation
57
Q

Endocytosis

A
  • Transport of bulk substances into cells
  • Two types
  • Phagocytosis = Solids
  • Pinocytosis = Fluids
58
Q

Exocytosis

A
  • Vacuoles fuse with the cell membrane to release contents outside the cell
  • Accomplishes secretion, excretion, or egestion
59
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A
  • Type of Passive Transport
  • Moves WITH the concentration gradient
  • Regulates what goes in and out of a cell
60
Q

Secretion vs Excretion

A

Secretion involves the transport of materials from one region to another.

Excretion involves the elimination of waste.

61
Q

Plasmolysis vs Cytolysis

A

Plasmolysis and Cytolysis

62
Q

Locomotion

A

The organelles’ motion.

Biology (8 decks)

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