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Radiology Biology & Protection > Chapter 3: Interaction of X-Radiation with Matter > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Interaction of X-Radiation with Matter Flashcards

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1
Q

The processes of interaction between radiation and matter are emphasized because a basic understanding of the subject is necessary for radiographers to optimally select the following technical exposure factors:

A
  • milliampere-seconds (mAs)
  • peak kilovoltage (kVp)
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2
Q

no dose is a

A

safe dose

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3
Q

the highest energy level of photons in the x-ray beam, equal to the highest voltage established across the x-ray tube

A

peak kilovoltage (kVp)

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4
Q

controls the quality, or penetrating power, of the photons in the x-ray beam and to some degree also affects the quantity, or number of photons, in the beam.

A

peak kilovoltage (kVp)

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5
Q

is your penetration and quality

A

kvp

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6
Q

polygenetic heterogenous beam

A

kvp

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7
Q

90 kvp average energy is

A

1/3 so is 30

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8
Q

is the product of milliamperes (mA) which is electron tube current and the amount of time in seconds that the x-ray tube is activated

A

Milliampere-seconds (mAs)

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9
Q

is considered pt dose

A

mAs

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10
Q

decrease pt dose

What technical factors?

A

increase kvp and decrease mAs

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11
Q

if mAs is decrease too much

A

an grainy image will appear called quantum mottle

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12
Q

is your current and quantity

A

mAs

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13
Q

Selects technical exposure factors that control beam quality and quantity

  • is actually responsible for the dose the patient receives during an imaging procedure
A

radiographer

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13
Q

what are carriers of manmade electromagnetic energy

A

x-rays

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13
Q

With a suitable understanding of these factors, radiographers will be able to select appropriate so they can

A

that can minimize that dose to the patient while producing optimal-quality images.

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14
Q

If x-rays enter a material such as human tissue, they may:

A
  1. Interact with the atoms of the biologic material in the patient and be absorbed
  2. Interact with the atoms in the biologic material and be scattered, causing some indirect transmission
  3. Pass through without interaction
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15
Q

If an interaction occurs, electromagnetic energy is transferred from the x-rays to the atoms of the patient’s biologic tissue. This process is called

A

absorption

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16
Q

the amount of energy absorbed per unit mass is referred to as

A

absorbed dose

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17
Q

The more electromagnetic energy that is received by the atoms of the patient’s body,

A

the greater is the possibility of biologic damage in the patient

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18
Q

without absorption and the differences in the absorption properties of various body structures,

A

it would not be possible to produce diagnostically useful images, that is, images in which different anatomic structures could be perceived and distinguished

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18
Q

gives you the different shades of gray black / white

A

absorption

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19
Q

photoelectric is

A

absorption

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20
Q

deposited into patient body

A

absorption

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21
Q

absorbed dose is measured in

A

milligray (mGY)

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22
Q

A diagnostic x-ray beam is produced

A

when a stream of very energetic electrons bombards a positively charged target in a highly evacuated glass tube.

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22
Q

atomic number of tungsten

A

74

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23
Q

the target known as the anode is made up of

A

tungsten rhenium

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23
Q

why is tungsten used

A

High melting points
* High atomic numbers

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24
Q

atomic number of rhenium

A

75

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25
Q

As the electrons interact with the atoms of the tube target

A

x-ray photons are produced

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26
Q

Photons are particles associated with electromagnetic radiation that have neither mass nor electric charge and travel at the speed of light. X-ray photons exit from the tube target with a broad range, or spectrum, of energies and leave the x-ray tube through a glass window. The glass window permits passage of all but the lowest-energy components of the x-ray spectrum. It therefore acts as a filter by removing diagnostically useless, very-low-energy x-rays.

A

important

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27
Q

is the x-ray photon beam that emerges from the x-ray tube and is directed toward the image receptor

A

primary radiation

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28
Q

are particles associated with electromagnetic radiation that have neither mass nor electric charge and travel at the speed of light

A

photons

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28
Q

exit from the tube target with a broad range, or spectrum, of energies and leave the x-ray tube through a glass window.

A

xray photons

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29
Q

permits passage of all but the lowest-energy components of the x-ray spectrum. It therefore acts as a filter by removing diagnostically useless, very-low-energy x-rays. In addition to this, a certain thickness of added aluminum is placed within the collimator assembly to intercept the emerging x-rays before they reach the patient.

A

glass window

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29
Q

what is the average energy

A

1/3 of the kvp

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30
Q

whole voltage on the x-ray tube

A

kvp

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31
Q

individual energy of specific x-rays

A

kev

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32
Q

In diagnostic radiology, the voltage is expressed in thousands of volts, or:

A

kilovolts (kv)

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33
Q

because the voltage across the tube fluctuates, it is usually charcterized by

A

kilovolt peak value (kvp)

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34
Q

True or False:
Not all photons in a diagnostic xray bean have the same energy

A

true

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35
Q

True or False :
The most energetic photons in the beam can have no more energy than the electrons that bombard the target

A

true

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36
Q

Photons that strike the image receptor are called

A

Transmitted photons

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37
Q

are the photons that have undergone either absorption or scatter and do not strike the image receptor

A

attenuated photons

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38
Q

X-rays sometimes interact with atoms of a patient such that they give up all of their energy and cease to exist. These photons are said to be

A

absorbed

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39
Q

Other photons interact with atoms of the patient, but only surrender part of their energy. They will continue to exist but will emerge from the interaction at a different angle (somewhat like a billiard ball colliding with another billiard ball). These photons are said to be

A

scattered

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40
Q

Some primary photons will traverse the patient without interacting. These noninteracting x-ray photons reach the radiographic image receptor (e.g., phosphor plate or digital radiography receptor).

what kind of transmission

A

direct transmission

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41
Q

Decrease in amount of photons reaching IR

A

attenuation

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42
Q

Direct and indirect transmission of x-ray photons
When an x-ray beam passes through a patient, it goes through a process called

A

attenuation

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42
Q

If they interacted but still happened to strike the image receptor, they are termed
- as a result of scattered

A

indirect transmission of photons

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42
Q

If photons pass through the patient without interacting with the atoms of the patient, they are referred to as

A

direct transmission photons

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42
Q

Other primary photons can undergo Compton and/or coherent interactions and as a result may be scattered or deflected with a potential loss of energy. Such photons may still traverse the patient and strike the image receptor

A

indirect transmission

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43
Q

Primary, exit, and attenuated photons are photons that emerge

A

from the x-ray source

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44
Q

are photons that pass through the patient being radiographed and reach the radiographic image receptor

A

exit or image formation photons

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45
Q

are photons that have interacted with atoms of the patient’s biologic tissue and have been scattered or absorbed such that they do not reach the radiographic image receptor.

A

attenuated photons

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46
Q

interaction of photon is random or normal

A

random with biological matter

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47
Q

primary beam going into

A

patient

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48
Q

photoelectric
- absorbed in the body

A

absorption

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49
Q

not diagnostic

A

coherent interaction

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50
Q

diagnostic

A

photoelectric and compton

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51
Q

scattered

A

compton

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52
Q

When x-rays interact with human tissue electromagnetic energy is transferred from the x-rays to the atoms of the patient’s biologic material (absorption), and the amount of energy absorbed per unit mass

A

is the absorbed dose

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53
Q

Keep the amount of electromagnetic energy transferred to the patient’s body as small as possible to

A

minimize the possibility of biological damage

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54
Q

Diagnostic radiology

A

photoelectric absorption

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54
Q

Not significant in any energy range

A

Coherent scattering

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55
Q

diagnostic radiology and therapeutic radiology

A

Compton scattering

56
Q

interactions that interact with tube

A

Bremsstrahlung and characteristics

56
Q

interactions that interact with matter

A

photoelectric absorption, Compton scattering and coherent

57
Q

Coherent scattering is sometimes also called by the following names:

A
  • classical scattering
  • elastic scattering
  • unmodified scattering
  • Thomson scattering
  • Rayleigh scattering
57
Q

A relatively simple process that results in no loss of energy as x-rays scatter

A

coherent scattering

58
Q

It occurs with low-energy photons, typically less than 10 keV.Because the wavelengths of both incident and scattered waves are the same, no net energy has been absorbed by the atom (see Appendix E in textbook).Rayleigh and Thompson scattering play essentially no role in radiography

A

coherent scattering

59
Q

scattering comes in with the same energy and leaves with the same energy
- no ionization
- decrease contrast b/c of scattered occurs

A

coherent scattering

60
Q

. The incoming low-energy x-ray photon interacts with an atom and transfers its energy by causing some or all of the electrons of the atom to momentarily vibrate. The electrons then radiate energy in the form of electromagnetic waves. These waves nondestructively combine with one another to form a scattered wave, which represents the scattered photon. Its wavelength and energy, or penetrating power, are the same as those of the incident photon. Generally, the emitted photon may change in direction less than 20 degrees with respect to the direction of the original photon

A

coherent scattering

60
Q

one coming in and one coming out
- photon coming in and photo coming out

A

coherent scattering

61
Q

Diagnostic radiology energy range: 23 to 150 kVp
This is the most important mode of interaction between x-ray photons and the atoms of the patient’s body for producing useful images

A

photoelectric absorption

62
Q

inner shell (k-shell)

A

photoelectric absorption

63
Q

one incoming and one leaving

A

photoelectric absorption

64
Q

cascade effect
- without it no shades of gray

A

photoelectric absorption

65
Q

To dislodge an inner-shell electron from its atomic orbit, the incoming x-ray photon must be able to transfer a quantity of energy as large as or larger than the amount of energy that holds the electron in its orbit. On interacting with an inner-shell electron, the x-ray photon surrenders all its energy to the orbital electron and ceases to exist. The electron escapes from its inner shell, thus creating a vacancy. The now unbound orbital electron, called a photoelectron, possesses energy equal to the energy of the incident photon minus the binding energy of its electron shell. This photoelectron may interact with other atoms in the vicinity, thereby causing excitation (promotion of electrons from lower energy shells to higher energy shells) or ionization (complete ejection of the electron from an atom), until all of its energy has been spent.

A

photoelectric absorption

66
Q

On encountering an inner-shell electron in the K or L shells, the incoming x-ray photon surrenders all its energy to the electron, and the photon ceases to exist. (B) The atom responds by ejecting the electron, called a photoelectron,from its inner shell, thus creating a vacancy in that shell. (C) To fill the opening, an electron from an outer shell drops down to the vacated inner shell by releasing energy in the form of a characteristic photon. Then, to fill the new vacancy in the outer shell, another electron from the shell next farthest out drops down and another characteristic photon is emitted, and so on until the atom regains electrical equilibrium. There is also some probability that instead of a characteristic photon, an Auger electron will be ejected.

A

photoelectric absorption

67
Q

come in with same energy, leave with same energy

A

coherent scattering

68
Q

photon coming in and photoelectron leaving

A

photoelectric absorption

69
Q

a vacancy is created in an inner shell of the target atom. For the ionized atom, this represents an unstable energy situation. The instability is alleviated by filling the vacancy in the inner shell with an electron from an outer shell, which spontaneously “falls down” into this opening. To do this, the descending electron must lose energy, that is, must pass from a less tightly bound atomic state (farther from the nucleus) to a more tightly held status (closer to the nucleus). The amount of energy loss involved is simply equal to the difference in the binding, or “holding,” energies associated with each electron shell. For a large atom such as an atom of the element lead, this energy can be in the kiloelectron volt range, whereas for the small or low atomic number atoms that make up most of the human body, the energy is on the order of 10 eV. The “released” energy is carried off in the form of a photon that is called a characteristic photon, or characteristic x-ray, because its energy is directly related to the shell structure of the atom from which it was emitted. Those photons generated from photoelectric interactions within human tissue are low enough in energy that they are predominantly absorbed within the body. In general, ensuing vacancies in other electron shells are successively filled, and associated characteristic photons are emitted until the atom achieves an electronic equilibrium.

A

photoelectric absorption

70
Q

discovered by Pierre Victor Auger in 1925
- Produces an Auger electronIs - a radiationless effect

A

Auger effect (pronounced awzhay)

70
Q

When an inner electron is removed from an atom in a photoelectric interaction, thus causing an inner-shell vacancy, the energy liberated when this vacancy is filled can be transferred to another electron of the atom, thereby ejecting that electron, instead of emerging from the atom as characteristic radiation. Such an emitted electron is called an Auger electron. Its energy is equal to the difference between that released by an outer electron in filling the initial created vacancy and the binding energy of the emitted or Auger electron. Because this process does not include any x-ray emission, it is called a radiationless effect. It reduces the total amount of characteristic radiation produced by photoelectric interactions.

A

Auger effect

71
Q

refers to the number of x-rays emitted per inner-shell vacancy

A

fluorescent yield

72
Q

the by-products of photoelectric absorption include the following:

A
  1. Photoelectrons (those induced by interaction with external radiation and the internally generated Auger electrons)
  2. Characteristic x-ray photons (fluorescent radiation)
73
Q

is the most important mode of interaction between x-radiation and the atoms of the patient’s body in the energy range used in diagnostic radiology because this interaction is responsible for both the patient’s dose and contrast in the image. During the process of photoelectric absorption, the total energy of the incident photon is completely absorbed as it interacts with and ejects an inner-shell electron of an atom within human tissue or bone from its orbit. The newly ejected photoelectron has appreciable energy and thus can subsequently ionize other atoms it encounters until its energy is sufficiently depleted. After losing an electron, the original ionized atom is unstable and attempts to re-stabilize. This occurs as an electron from a higher shell drops down and fills the vacancy in the inner shell by releasing energy as a characteristic photon. This cascading effect of electrons dropping down to fill existing shell vacancies continues until the original atom regains its stability.

A

Photoelectric absorption

74
Q

The probability of occurrence of photoelectric absorption per atom within a particular material depends on

A
  • the energy (E) of the incident x-ray photons
  • the atomic number (Z) of the atoms comprising the irradiated object
75
Q

Probability of occurrence of photoelectric absorption increases

A

as the energy of the incident photon decreases and the atomic number of the irradiated atoms increases.

76
Q

Aluminum atomic number and symbol

A

13 and Al

77
Q

copper atomic number and symbol

A

29 and Cu

78
Q

lead atomic number and symbol

A

Pb 82

79
Q

(mass density measured in grams per cubic centimeter) of different body structures influence

A

attenuation

79
Q

brighter
more absorption, less transmission

A

bone

80
Q

less absorption
- more transmission

A

soft tissue

81
Q

tightly packed they are

A

density

82
Q

least to most attenuated

air, muscle, fat, organ, bone, metal

A
  1. air
  2. fat
  3. muscle
  4. organs
  5. bone
  6. metal
82
Q

higher atomic number

A

higher absorption

83
Q

considered positively charge

A

protons

83
Q

tungsten binding energy

A

69.5 in k -shell or 70

84
Q

electrons in outer shell possess

A

kinetic energy

84
Q

electrons in inner shell ( k, l, m) have

A

lower kinetic energy but higher binding energy

84
Q

contrast, window depth, dynamic range

A

photoelectric absorption

85
Q

higher atomic number higher absorption less transmission

A

more white

86
Q

fat atomic number

A

6.3

87
Q

muscle atomic number

A

7.4

88
Q

bone atomic number

A

13.8

89
Q

air atomic number

A

7.6

90
Q

iodine atomic numbr

A

53

91
Q

barium atomic number

A

56

92
Q

lead atomic number

A

82

93
Q

radiation that originates from irradiated material outside tube

A

secondary radiation

94
Q

Occupational dose is measured in

A

Sievert

95
Q

The amount of radiation on object

A

Exposure

95
Q

Amount of energy per unit mass absorbed

A

Absorbed dose

96
Q

Measurement of overall risk of exposure to humans

A

Effective dose

96
Q

Body part thickness

The thickness factor is approximately

A

Linear

96
Q

If two structures have the same density and atomic number but one is twice as thick as the other

A

The thicker structure will absorb twice as many photons

97
Q

As absorption increases

A

So does the potential for biological damage

98
Q

The greater the difference in the amount of photoelectric absorption,

A

The greater the contrast in the radiographic image will be between adjacent structures of differing atomic numbers

99
Q

To ensure both radiographic image quality and patient safety

A

Choose the highest-energy x-ray beam that permits adequate radiographic contrast for computed radiography, digital radiography, or conventional radiography

100
Q

Use of positive contrast medium (barium or iodine)

A

Containing elements having a higher atomic number than surrounding soft tissue. Appear lighter higher absorbed dose

100
Q

Use of a negative contrast medium (air or gas)

A

Are easier to penetrate result in areas of decreased brightness on the radiographic image

101
Q

1 contrast agent

A

Air

102
Q

Less attenuation

A

The darker the image

103
Q

Compton scattering is also known as

A
  • incoherent scattering
  • inelastic scattering
  • modified scattering
  • occupational dose
103
Q

Responsible for most of the scattered radiation produced during radiographic procedures

A

Compton scattering

104
Q

Best place to stand is at

A

A 90 degree angle

105
Q

You should stand

A

6 feet away

106
Q

Don’t Point Tube at

A

Console

106
Q

Outer shell, modified, scattered

Photon coming in interacting with outer shell electron

A

Compton scatter

107
Q

One coming 2 leaving

A

Compton scatter

107
Q

Degrading your image because of the fog

A

Compton scatter

108
Q

Fog on image

A

Decreases contrast

108
Q

How many times can it scattered before loosing its energy

A

2 times

108
Q

Everytime x-ray photon scatters it leaves with

A

. 1% original intensity. One one thousand

109
Q

On encountering the electron, the incoming x-ray photon surrendes a portion of its energy in dislodging the electron from its outer - shell orbit, thereby ionizing the biological atom. The freed electron called a Compton scattered electron or secondary or recoil, electron, possesses excess energy and thus is potentially capable of ionizing other biological atoms

A

Compton scatter

110
Q

Annihilation radiation is used in an imaging modality employed in Nuclear Medicine called

A

positron emission tomography (PET)

111
Q

Attenuation (loss of photons) , absorption, transmission

Increased thickness

A

^ attenuation ^ absorption decrease transmission

112
Q

Attenuation (loss of photons) , absorption, transmission

Decreased thickness

A

decreased attenuation, decreased absorption, ^ transmission

113
Q

Attenuation (loss of photons) , absorption, transmission

Increased atomic number

A

^ attenuation ^ absorption decrease transmission

114
Q

Attenuation (loss of photons) , absorption, transmission

Decrease atomic number

A

Decrease attenuation, decrease absorption ^ transmission

115
Q

Attenuation (loss of photons) , absorption, transmission

Increased tissue density

A

^ attenuation ^ absorption decrease transmission

116
Q

Attenuation (loss of photons) , absorption, transmission

Decreased tissue density

A

Decrease attenuation, decrease absorption ^ transmission

117
Q

Attenuation (loss of photons) , absorption, transmission

Increased beam quality

A

Decrease attenuation, decrease absorption ^ transmission

118
Q

Attenuation (loss of photons) , absorption, transmission

Decreased beam quality

A

^ attenuation ^ absorption Decrease transmission

119
Q

are emitted from nuclei of very heavy elements, such as uranium and plutonium, during their radioactive decay.

A

Alpha particles,

120
Q

Each contains two protons and two neutrons.
Are simply helium nuclei (i.e., helium atoms minus their electrons)
Have a large mass (approximately four times the mass of a hydrogen atom) and a positive charge twice that of an electron

A

Alpha Particles

121
Q

are less penetrating than beta particles
- They lose energy quickly as they travel a short distance in biologic matter
- Considered virtually harmless
- As an internal source of radiation, they can be very damaging
- If emitted from a radioisotope deposited in the body, such as in the lungs, alpha particles can be absorbed in the relatively radiosensitive epithelial tissue and are very damaging to that tissue
- superficial of skin
- more biological damage

A

alpha particles

122
Q

emitted from nuclei/ nucleus
- if you ingest it is very damaging to your internal organs

A

Alpha particles

123
Q

Identical to high-speed electrons except for their origin
8000 times lighter than alpha particles and have only one unit of electric charge (−1)

negative charge

A

beta particles

124
Q

two units of electric charge (+2)

A

alpha particles

125
Q

Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom constitutes its

A

atomic number

126
Q

make up the nucleus of an atom

positively charge

A

proton

127
Q

the lesser a structure attenuates

A

the darker the image will be

128
Q

the more a structure attenuates

A

the brighter the image will be

129
Q

what is remaining in the beam after it passes through matter

A

remnant beam

130
Q

electron in

A

tube interactions

131
Q

photon in

A

matter interactions

132
Q

are photons that emerge from the x-ray source

A

Primary, exit, and attenuated photons

133
Q

what comes in and what leaves in a photoelectric absorption

A

photon coming in, photoelectron leaving

134
Q

is a composite Z value by weight for a material that is composed of multiple chemical elements.

A

Effective atomic number [Zeff]

Radiology Biology & Protection (9 decks)

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