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Radiology Biology & Protection > Chapter 1: Introduction to Radiation Protection > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Introduction to Radiation Protection Flashcards

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1
Q

What are x-rays?

A

a form of ionizing radiation
- removal of an electron

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2
Q

the production of ionizing radiation causes what

A

may cause injury in normal biological tiissue

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3
Q

is a radiation that produces positively and negatively charged particles (ions) when passing through matter

A

ionizing radiation

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4
Q

the transfer of energy from one location to another

A

radiation

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5
Q

when where x-rays discovered

A

November 8, 1895

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6
Q

What are some concepts of radiation

A

it can be beneficial or destructive

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7
Q

a form of biological damage

A

radiation

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7
Q

What does the acronym ALARA stand for

A

as low as reasonably achievable

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8
Q

creation of unstable atoms is

A

ionization

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8
Q

what are some consequences of ionization in human cells

A
  • creating of unstable atoms
  • production of free electrons
  • production of low-energy, x-ray photons
  • creation of highly reactive free molecules capable of producing substances poisonous to the cell
  • creation of a new biological molecules detrimental to the living cell
  • injury to the cell that may manifest itself as a abnormal function or loss of function
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9
Q

why is production of free electrons bad

A

most damaging

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10
Q

injury to the cell can be what

A
  • complete cell death
  • abnormal function
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11
Q

What are some characteristics of x-rays

A
  • x-rays are invisible
  • x-rays have no mass
  • x-rays are neutral
  • x-rays can’t be focused or refracted
  • x-rays travel at the speed of light and in straight lines
  • x-rays form a polyenergetic or heterogeneous beam
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12
Q

Team concept in medical field

A

-team approach to patient care
- team includes many allied health professionals
- communication is very important

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13
Q

How to control radiant energy

A
  • use knowledge of radiation- induced hazards that have been gained over many years
  • employ effective methods to eliminate those hazards
  • control radiation produced from an x-ray tube and ensure safety during all medical radiation procedures
  • limiting the energy deposited in living tissue by radiation can reduce the potential for adverse effects
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14
Q

What is the goal of radiation protection

A

protect persons from both short term and long term effects of radiation

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15
Q

what are some short term effects of radiation

A

hair loss, redness, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue

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16
Q

means to yourself

A

somatic

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16
Q

what are some long term effects of radiation

A

cancer, cardiovascular disease

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16
Q

future generations

A

genetic

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17
Q

what is an ongoing responsibility of diagnostic imaging professionals

A

to ensure radiation safety during all medical radiation procedures

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18
Q

how can diagnostic imaging professionals keep this obligation

A

is fulfilled by adhering to an established radiation protection program

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18
Q

what are effective measures employed by radiation workers

A

effective measures employed by radiation workers to safeguard patients, personnel, and the general public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation

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19
Q

what are some kind of unnecessary radiation

A
  • any radiation exposure that does not benefit a person in terms of diagnostic information obtained for the clinical management of medical needs
  • any radiation exposure that does not enhance the quality of study
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20
Q

less dose

A

the less damage they have

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21
Q

amount of radiation produced in air when ionizing radiation is present

A

exposure

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22
Q

what’s in the air

A

exposure

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23
Q

the amount of energy that is deposited in a material per unit mass of the material

A

absorbed dose

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23
Q

what do you measure exposure with

A

coulomb per kilogram (C/kg)

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24
Q

what do you measure absorbed dose with

A

measure in milligram (mGy)

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25
Q

what’s deposited in the patient

A

absorbed dose

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26
Q

a quantity that is a measure of general harm in humans.

A

effective dose

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27
Q

what’s the measurement of effective dose

A

measured in millisievert (mSv)

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28
Q

what involves effective dose

A
  • how much of a dose
  • what organ is hitting
  • most effective
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29
Q

measures the type of radiation and dose received

A

equivalent dose

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30
Q

general harm to the human body

A

effective dose

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31
Q

some tissue are more

A

sensitive

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32
Q

Need to safeguard against adverse biological effects of ionizing radiation

A

damage to living tissue of animals and humans exposed to radiation

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33
Q

justification and responsibility for imaging procedures

A

patient can elect to assume the relatively small risk of exposure to ionizing radiation

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34
Q

What are the achievement of diagnostic efficacy

A
  1. imaging procedure or practice justified by referring physician
  2. minimal radiation exposure
  3. optimal image desired
    4 process of absence of disease revealed
  4. diagnostic efficacy
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35
Q

the degree to which the diagnostic study accurately reveals the presence of absence of disease in the patient

A

diagnostic efficacy

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36
Q

What’s the acronym for ALARA

A

acronym for as low as reasonably achievable

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37
Q

another word for ALARA

A

optimization for radiation protection

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37
Q

intention behind these concepts of radiologic practice is to keep radiation exposure and consequent dose to the lowest possible level

A

ALARA principle

37
Q

The three basic principles of radiation protection

A
  • time
  • distance
    -shielding
38
Q

time, distance, and shielding are considered what

A

Cardinal Rules of Radiation Protection

39
Q

What is the radiation worker’s responsibility

A
  • Be aware of rules governing the workplace.
  • Perform duties consistent with ALARA.
40
Q

The Cardinal Rules of radiation protection can be applied to

A
  • Patient
  • Radiographer
41
Q

What are the Employers’ Responsibilities

A
  • It is the responsibility of the employer to provide the necessary resources and appropriate environment in which to execute an ALARA program.
  • A written policy statement describing this program and identifying the commitment of management to keeping all radiation exposure ALARA must be available to all employees in the workplace
  • how radiation exposure in the workplace may be lowered, management should perform periodic exposure audits.
42
Q

Radiation Worker’s Responsibility

A
  • always function with full awareness of rules governing the work situation
  • perform their occupational practices in a manner consistent with the ALARA principle
43
Q

What can educating patient do

A
  • educating about imaging services helps to ensure the highest quality of service
  • Use appropriate and effective communication
  • Answer questions about the potential risk of radiation exposure honestly
  • Inform patients of what needs to be done, if anything, as a follow-up to their examination
44
Q

The probability of injury, ailment, or death resulting from an activity

A

Risk in general term

45
Q

the possibility of inducing adverse biologic effects, such as injury to the skin or induction of cancer or a genetic defect after irradiation.

A

Risk ( in the medical industry) with reference to the radiation sciences

46
Q

A method that can be used to improve understanding and reduce fear and anxiety for the patient.

A

Background Equivalent Radiation Time (BERT)

47
Q

Compares the amount of radiation received with natural background radiation received over a given period of time

A

Background Equivalent Radiation Time (BERT)

48
Q

on an annual US population exposure of natural background per year

A

3 mSv millisieverts per year.

49
Q

What are the Advantages of the BERT Method When It Is Used Appropriately

A
  • BERT does not imply radiation risk; it is simply a means for comparison.
  • BERT emphasizes that radiation is an innate part of our environment.
  • The answer given in terms of BERT is easy for the patient to comprehend.
50
Q

Who are more sensitive to radiation

A

Children are significantly more radiation sensitive than are adults

51
Q

What have studies have shown regarding radiation exposure to children

A

Studies have shown that the more radiation exposure a child receives the more likely for them to develop cancer later in life

52
Q

was founded in 2007. It is a partnership of medical societies whose overall common purpose is to reduce the radiation dose for pediatric patients

A

Alliance for Radiation Safety in Pediatric Imaging

53
Q

What is Alliance for Radiation Safety in Pediatric Imaging primary goal

A

raise awareness among nonradiology users (e.g., emergency room physicians, referring physicians, orthopedists, neurosurgeons, etc.) of potentially high radiation exposure from computed tomography.

54
Q

Started by Alliance for Radiation Safety in Pediatric Imaging

A

Image Gently Campaign.

54
Q

dissemination of information on pediatric CT dose reduction among the various medical specialties that refer patients for CT examinations or even operate their own CT scanners.

A

Image Gently Campaign

55
Q

delivers the message that CT scanning saves children’s lives but that patient dose should be lowered by “child sizing” the kV and mA settings, by scanning only the indicated area
- Created to address concerns about the increase of public exposure to ionizing radiation from medical imaging

A

Image Wisely Campaign

56
Q

Monitoring and Reporting Radiation Dose

A
  • Trend toward more rigorous reporting of patient dose in radiology
  • CT and interventional procedures are more cognizant of patient dose recording.
  • Required in some states
57
Q

project in place to provide data on the measurement of radiation of x-ray machines

A

NEXT ( Nationwide Evaluation of X-ray Trends) Program and Reference Values

58
Q

These levels may then be used to allow individual institutions to determine where they stand with regard to standard practices at the majority of institutions.

A

NEXT Program and Reference Values

59
Q

When patient dose is predicted to or has actually substantially exceeded normal dose levels, what happens

A

the staff radiologist is notified.

60
Q

may be called upon to estimate patient doses such as effective dose, peak skin dose, or fetal dose

A

medical physicist

61
Q

Protects against leakage radiation and electric shock

A

Tube housing

62
Q

Contains the filament and focusing cup
- has a negative charge

A

cathode

63
Q

serves to expel the electrons from the circuit and focus them in a beam on the focal spot

A

cathode

64
Q

made of thoriated tungsten
- high melting point
- Responsible for producing thermionic emission
-Source of electrons for x-ray production
- Determines the size of the focal spot

A

Filament

65
Q
  • made of nickel/ molybdenum
  • keeps the electron cloud and space charge
  • negative charge
  • concentrates the electron beam towards the focal spot of the anode
A

focusing cup

66
Q

Electrons cloud near filament.

A

Space Charge

67
Q

Area of anode struck by electrons from cathode.

A

Target

68
Q

The process of boiling off electrons and produces a cloud of electrons by heating the filament

A

Thermionic Emission

69
Q

Occurs when no more electrons can be boiled off the filament

A

Space charge effect

70
Q

Three components of anode.

A

Anode, stator and rotor

71
Q

Is the primary thermal conductor of the tube

A

Anode

72
Q

Two types of anodes

A

Rotating and stationary

72
Q

What is the anode made up of

A

Tungsten rhenium alloys

73
Q

Purpose of rotating anode

A

Promote greater heat dissipation

73
Q

Absorption of X-rays produces in the tube by the anode, causes uneven distribution of X-ray intensity between the cathode and anode, more intensity on cathode side (fat cat)

A

Anode heel effect

74
Q

Atomic number of tungsten rhenium alloy

A

74

74
Q

Spreads heat over a greater area of the anode and allows the effective focal spot to be smaller than the actual focal spot

A

line focus principle

74
Q

Is made of molybdenum and connects the anode to the rotor

A

Stem

75
Q

What is the X-ray efficiency

A

1% X-ray , 99% heat

75
Q

The only thing located outside of the envelope that consists of copper windings

A

Stator

75
Q

Made of a copper cylinder in the step of the X-ray tube and is support by the high strength ball bearings

A

Rotor

76
Q
  • Spread the heat produced over the entire anode circle, rather than one spot
  • Promote greater heat dissipation of the anode overall
A

rotating anode

76
Q

how much mSv does Dental, intraoral have

and how many BERT

A

0.06 mSv
- 1 week

76
Q

how much mSV from a chest radiograph
and how many BERT

A

0.08 mSv
- 10 days

77
Q

how much mSv from a cervical spine

and how many BERT

A

0.1 mSv

  • 2 weeks
78
Q

how much mSv from a thoracic spine

and how many BERT

A

1.5 mSv

  • 6 months
79
Q

how much mSv from a lumbar spine \

and BERT

A

3.0 mSv

  • 1 year
80
Q

how much mSv for Upper GI series

and BERT

A

4.5 mSv

  • 1.5 years
81
Q

how much mSv for a Lower GI series

and BERT

A

6.0 mSv

  • 2 years
82
Q

how much mSv for skull

and BERT

A

0.07 mSv

  • 11 days
83
Q

how much mSv for hip

and BERT

A

0.3 mSv
- 7 weeks

84
Q

how much mSv for abdomen

and BERT

A

0.7 mSv

  • 4 months
85
Q

how much mSv for a pelvis

and BERT

A

0.7 mSv
- 4 months

86
Q

how much mSv for limbs and joints except hips

and BERT

A

<0.01 mSv

  • <1.5 days
87
Q

how much mSv for CT brain

and BERT

A

2.0 mSv

  • 1 year
88
Q

how much mSv for CT chest

and BERT

A

8.0 mSv

  • 3.6 years
89
Q

how much mSv for CT abdomen/pelvis

and BERT

A

10.0 mSv

  • 4.5 years
90
Q
A
91
Q
A

Radiology Biology & Protection (8 decks)

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