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c952 computer architecture > CHAPTER 3: Instructions > Flashcards

CHAPTER 3: Instructions Flashcards

1
Q

instruction set

A

vocabulary of commands understood by a given architecture

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2
Q

stored-program concept

A

idea that instructions and data of many types can be stored in memory as numbers and thus be easy to change, leading to the stored-program computer

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3
Q

word

A

natural unit of access in a computer, usually a group of 32 bits

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4
Q

doubleword

A

another natural unit of access in a computer, usually a group of 64 bits; corresponds to the size of a register in the LEGv8 architecture

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5
Q

Design Principle 2: Smaller is faster

A
  • a very large number of registers may increase the clock cycle time simply because it takes electronic signals longer when they must travel farther
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6
Q

data transfer instruction

A

command that moves data between memory and registers

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7
Q

address

A

value used to delineate the location of a specific data element within a memory array

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8
Q

data transfer instruction

A

command that moves data between memory and registers

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9
Q

address

A

value used to delineate the location of a specific data element within a memory array

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10
Q

memory

A

is just a large, single-dimensional array, with the address acting as the index to that array, starting at 0

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11
Q

alignment restriction

A

requirement that data be aligned in memory on natural boundaries

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12
Q

binary number

A
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13
Q

least significant bit

A

rightmost bit in an LEGv8 doubleword

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14
Q

most significant bit

A

leftmost bit in an LEGv8 doubleword

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15
Q

two’s complement

A

signed number representation where a leading 0 indicates a positive number and a leading 1 indicates a negative number. The complement of a value is obtained by complementing each bit (0 → 1 or 1 → 0), and then adding one to the result

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16
Q

one’s complement

A

notation that represents the most negative value by 10 … 000two and the most positive value by 01 … 11two, leaving an equal number of negatives and positives but ending up with two zeros, one positive (00 … 00two) and one negative (11 … 11two). The term is also used to mean the inversion of every bit in a pattern: 0 to 1 and 1 to 0

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17
Q

biased notation

A

notation that represents the most negative value by 00 … 000two and the most positive value by 11 … 11two, with 0 typically having the value 10 … 00two, thereby biasing the number such that the number plus the bias has a non-negative representation

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18
Q

instruction format

A

form of representation of an instruction composed of fields of binary numbers

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19
Q

machine language

A

binary representation used for communication within a computer system

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20
Q

hexadecimal

A

Numbers in base 16 that are easy to convert to binary

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21
Q

opcode

A

field that denotes the operation and format of an instruction

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22
Q

and

A

logical bit- by-bit operation with two operands that calculates a 1 only if there is a 1 in both operands

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23
Q

mask

A

“conceals” some bits

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24
Q

or

A

logical bit-by-bit operation with two operands that calculates a 1 if there is a 1 in either operand

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25
Q

not

A

logical bit-by-bit operation with one operand that inverts the bits; that is, it replaces every 1 with a 0, and every 0 with a 1

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26
Q

EOR (exclusive or)

A

logical bit-by-bit operation with two operands that calculates the exclusive OR of the two operands. That is, it calculates a 1 only if the values are different in the two operands

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27
Q

conditional branch

A

instruction that tests a value and that allows for a subsequent transfer of control to a new address in the program based on the outcome of the test

28
Q

basic block

A

sequence of instructions without branches (except possibly at the end) and without branch targets or branch labels (except possibly at the beginning)

29
Q

branch address table (branch table)

A

table of addresses of alternative instruction sequences

30
Q

procedure

A

stored subroutine that performs a specific task based on the parameters with which it is provided

31
Q

branch-and-link instruction

A

instruction that branches to an address and simultaneously saves the address of the following instruction in a register (LR or X30 in LEGv8)

32
Q

return address

A

link to the calling site that allows a procedure to return to the proper address; in LEGv8 it is stored in register LR (X30)

33
Q

caller

A

program that instigates a procedure and provides the necessary parameter values

34
Q

callee

A

procedure that executes a series of stored instructions based on parameters provided by the caller and then returns control to the caller.

35
Q

program counter (PC)

A

register containing the address of the instruction in the program being executed.

36
Q

stack

A

data structure for spilling registers organized as a last-in- first-out queue

37
Q

stack pointer

A

value denoting the most recently allocated address in a stack that shows where registers should be spilled or where old register values can be found. In LEGv8, it is register SP

38
Q

push

A

add element to stack

39
Q

pop

A

remove element from stack

40
Q

global pointer

A

register that is reserved to point to the static area

41
Q

procedure frame (activation record)

A

segment of the stack containing a procedure’s saved registers and local variables

42
Q

frame pointer

A

value denoting the location of the saved registers and local variables for a given procedure

43
Q

text segment

A

segment of a UNIX object file that contains the machine language code for routines in the source file

44
Q

pc-relative addressing

A

addressing regime in which the address is the sum of the program counter (PC) and a constant in the instruction

45
Q

addressing mode

A

one of several addressing regimes delimited by their varied use of operands and/or addresses

46
Q

data race

A

two memory accesses form a data race if they are from different threads to same location, at least one is a write, and they occur one after another

47
Q

assembly language

A

symbolic language that can be translated into binary machine language

48
Q

pseudoinstruction

A

common variation of assembly language instructions often treated as if it were an instruction in its own right

49
Q

symbol table

A

table that matches names of labels to the addresses of the memory words that instructions occupy

50
Q

linker (link editor)

A

systems program that combines independently assembled machine language programs and resolves all undefined labels into an executable file.

51
Q

executable file

A

functional program in the format of an object file that contains no unresolved references. It can contain symbol tables and debugging information. A “stripped executable” does not contain that information. Relocation information may be included for the loader

52
Q

loader

A

systems program that places an object program in main memory so that it is ready to execute

53
Q

dynamically linked libraries (DLL)

A

library routines that are linked to a program during execution

54
Q

java bytecode

A

instruction from an instruction set designed to interpret Java programs

55
Q

just in time compiler (JIT)

A

name commonly given to a compiler that operates at runtime, translating the interpreted code segments into the native code of the computer

56
Q

loop-unrolling

A

technique to get more performance from loops that access arrays, in which multiple copies of the loop body are made and instructions from different iterations are scheduled together.

57
Q

public

A

Java keyword that allows a method to be invoked by any other method

58
Q

protected

A

Java keyword that restricts invocation of a method to other methods in that package

59
Q

package

A

a directory that contains a group of related classes

60
Q

static method

A

method that applies to the whole class rather to an individual object. It is unrelated to static in C

61
Q

general purpose register (GPR)

A

register that can be used for addresses or for data with virtually any instruction

62
Q

fallacy: More powerful instructions mean higher performance

A

part of the power of the Intel x86 is the prefixes that can modify the execution of the following instruction

63
Q

fallacy: write in assembly language to obtain the highest performance

A

even if writing by hand resulted in faster code, the dangers of writing in assembly language are the protracted time spent coding and debugging, the loss in portability, and the difficulty of maintaining such code

64
Q

fallacy: the importance of commercial binary compatibility means successful instruction sets don’t change

A
65
Q

pitfall: forgetting that sequential word or doubleword addresses in machines with byte addressing do not differ by one

A

assembly language programmer has toiled over errors made by assuming that the address of the next word or doubleword can be found by incrementing the address in a register by one instead of by the word or doubleword size in bytes.

66
Q

pitfall: using a pointer to an automatic variable outside its defining procedure

A

common mistake in dealing with pointers is to pass a result from a procedure that includes a pointer to an array that is local to that procedure

67
Q
A

c952 computer architecture (7 decks)

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