Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PCB3233 Immunology > Chapter 3: Innate Immunity - The Induced Response > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Innate Immunity - The Induced Response Flashcards

From Sept 16 and 21 lecture

1
Q

Lymphocytes

A

T cells, B cells, NK cells (natural-killer cells), ILC cells (Innate lymphocyte cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Primary lymphoid tissues & organs

A

Ermera and thymus ?
T and B cells mature here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where are T and B cells activated?

A

Secondary lymphoid tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When does the induced innate response take place?

A

Once the pathogen has breached the physical barriers and outruns the initial response, the induced innate response takes place.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Tissue macrophages are…

A

the first to recognize and respond to the pathogen and secrete soluble molecules that lead to inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are called into the site of infection out of the blood?

A

Leukocytes (neutrophils at first)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Soluble molecules activate cells, such as…

A

Hepatocytes (liver cells) to make acute phase reactants
These aid in the clearance of the pathogen and these molecules also direct leukocytes to the site of inflammation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are two examples of cells that use receptors to recognize self from non-self?

A

Macrophages and NK cells
- Both cell types need to be able to differentiate between host and pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

NK cells recognize …

A

recognize your own cells that are infected by a virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Macrophages recognize…

A

extracellular things for phagocytosis to take place
PRRs recognize bacteria and recognize more than one PAMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do macrophage receptors recognize?

A

They recognize distinctive cell-surface carbohydrates of bacterial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Tissue macrophages kills the bacterium by…

A

by phagocytosis and prevents its further replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

NK cells kills…

A

kills the virus-infected cell, preventing viral replication and infection of other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What receptors recognize changes to surface proteins of human cells caused by viral infection?

A

Some NK-cell receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What provides the first line of cellular defense against invading microorganisms?

A

Phagocytosis by macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Resident macrophages (1st effector cells)

A
  • Innate**, long-lived phagocytic cells
  • Resident in tissues
  • Involved* in both innate and adaptive immunity
  • They are innate cells, NOT adaptive cells
  • Resident macrophages are hematopoetic macrophages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

C3b

A

is a ligand for Macrophage CR1
All three pathways make C3b

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pathogen C3b surface fragments + degraded by factor I –> ____ –> now a ligand for macrophages ____ and ___ receptors

A

Pathogen C3b surface fragments + degraded by factor I –> _iC3b_ –> now a ligand for macrophages _CR3_ and _CR4_ receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

CR3 and CR4 can recognize…

A

iC3b and LPS (lipopolysaccharide, Gram negative bacteria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Carbohydrate-binding proteins are ______

A

Lectins
ex. Mannose and glucan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Scavenger receptors

A

preference for molecules that are negatively charged
ex. Nucleic acids, phosphate containing lipoteichoic acids (Gram positive bacteria) and LPS (Gram negative bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Phagocytic Receptors, these cause phagocytosis to take place:

A

CR3, CR4, Mannose, glucan, and scavenger receptors (All surface PRRs found on lipid bilayer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Macrophage receptors are found on:

A

Macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, granulocytes, and NK cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) lead to

A

gene expression change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Self PRR’s recognize

A

Normal healthy cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Non-self PRR’s recognize

A

Microbial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Altered self PRR’s recognize

A

Cancer cells or apoptotic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

PRRs recognize…

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPS), components common to many pathogens and/or altered self cells and molecules
- Most PRRs recognize multiple different molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

DAMPS (Damage-associated Molecular Patterns)

A

associated with cells that have been damaged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

___________ have several types of surface receptors that bind to constituents of microbial surfaces and promote phagocytosis

A

Macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

PRR (pattern recognition receptors) on leukocytes bind to…

A

PAMPS (pathogen associated molecule patterns) on pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does TLR4 recognize?

A

LPS (lipopolysaccharide), Gram-negative bacteria
Cellular location: Plasma membrane (outside the cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does TLR7 recognize?

A

Single-stranded viral RNAs (RNA viruses)
Cellular location: Endosomes (inside the cell)

34
Q

What does TLR3 recognize?

A

Double-stranded viral RNA (RNA viruses)
Cellular location: Endosomes (inside the cell)

35
Q

What does TRL5 recognize?

A

Flagellin, a protein (Bacteria)
Cellular location: Plasma membrane (outside the cell)

36
Q

Receptors that detect microbial products signal:

A

signal macrophages to make and secrete cytokines

37
Q

TRL-4 triggers a common pathway of intracellular signaling, what is the pathway?

A
  1. LPS –> LBP –> CD14 –> MD2 –> TLR4
  2. Adaptor protein –> MyD88
  3. Inhibitor of KappaB Kinase (IKK) –> Phosphorylation of Inhibitor of Kappa B –> degradation of IkB
  4. Translocation of TF nuclear factor kB (NFkB) from cytoplasm to the nucleus
  5. Directs the transcription of genes for inflammatory cytokines
38
Q

What is the master regulator?

A

IL-1

39
Q

What does IL-6 do? (2 definitions included on this card)

A

Induces fat and muscle cells to metabolize, generate heat, and raise the temperature in the infected tissue

Acts on local muscle and fat cells to increase temperature and signals to liver hepatocytes to make acute phase reactants (Mannose binding lectin (MBL) and C-reactive protein (CRP))

40
Q

All CCLs bind to

A

CCRs

41
Q

All CXCLs bind to

A

CXCRs

42
Q

What does NOD-1 recognize?

A

NOD-1 recognizes a degradation product of Gram (–) peptidoglycan

43
Q

What does NOD-2 recognize?

A

recognizes a degradation product of most bacteria – muramyl dipeptide

44
Q

NOD-Like receptors (NOD-1 and 2)

A

Cytoplasmic PRRs that recognize bacterial components (in the cytoplasm of your own cells)

45
Q

What is pyroptosis?

A

Pyroptosis is a mechanism of death of the macrophage which allows a massive release of IL-1

  • Large number of pores created for release
  • Extreme circumstances
46
Q

What is IL-1?

A

IL-1 is an inflammatory cytokine made by macrophages after recognition of PAMPs.
- The master regulator

47
Q

Development of inflammation in tissue leads to:

A

Local accumulation of fluid accompanied by swelling, redness, heat and pain

48
Q

What does CXCL8 do?

A

Recruits neutrophils from the blood and directs them to the infected tissue (will bind to CXCR1 and CXCR2 on the neutrophil)

CXCL8 is secreted by activated macrophages

49
Q

What does CCL2 do?

A

Recruits monocytes from the blood and directs them to the infected tissue (Binds to CCR-2)

50
Q

What does TNF-a do?

A

Induces blood vessels to be more permeable, enabling cells, fluid, and soluble effectors to enter infected tissue

51
Q

What does IL-12 do?

A

Recruits and activates natural killer cell (NK cells) to secrete cytokines that strengthen macrophages’s response to infection

**Activates NK cells

  • Lymphocyte of the innate immune system
  • NK cells secrete cytokines to maintain the macrophages activity
  • Protects against viral infections
52
Q

Chemokines are:

A

CXCL-8 and CCL-2

53
Q

Chemokine receptors:

A

CCR-2, CXCR1, CXCR2

54
Q

TNF-a released by macrophages induces protection at what level?

A

protection at the local level

55
Q

Endothelium (venules) –>

A
  1. TNF-a, IL-1 and IL-6 raise temperature - Pyrogens
  2. Increased blood flow (Vasodialation)
  3. Increased permeability
  4. Endothelial adhesiveness for wbc and platelets (adhesion molecules induced)
56
Q

What does IL-6 do?

A

IL-6 acts on local muscle and fat cells to increase temperature and signals to liver hepatocytes to make acute phase reactants

Mannose binding lectin (MBL) and C-reactive protein (CRP)

57
Q

IL-12

A

IL-12 activates NK cells

  • Lymphocyte of the innate immune system
  • NK cells secrete cytokines to maintain the macrophages activity
  • Protect against viral infections
58
Q

True or False: All lymphocytes and leukocytes?

A

True

59
Q
A
60
Q

Properties of Macrophages

A
  • Long-lived
  • Reside in tissues
  • Work as infection begins
    • Raise alarm
61
Q

Properties of Neutrophils

A
  • Short-lived dedicated killers
  • Circulate in blood
  • Polymorphnuclear Leukocytes (PMNs)
  • Wait for macrophade to sound the alarm
    • To enter tissue
62
Q

Granulocytes (Granules containing antimicrobials)

A
  • Primary (Azurophilic) granules
  • Secondary (Specific) granules
  • Tertiary (Gelatinase) granules
63
Q

What do we call bacteria that leads to pus-forming?

A

Pyogenic bacteria

(ex. Staph aureus)

64
Q

Four Structual Classes of Leukoyte Adhesion Molecules

A

Selectins, Vascular addressins, Integrins, Immunoglobin superfamily

65
Q

Selectins

A

are carbohydrate-binding lectins

L-Selectin

66
Q

Vascular addressins

A

contain carbohydrate groups to which selectins bind - CD34, GlyCam-1, MAdCAM-1

67
Q

Integrins

A

Typically bind to Ig superfamily proteins LFA-1

68
Q

Immunoglobulin superfamily

A

ICAM-1

69
Q

What leukocute adhesion molecules bind together?

A

Selectins and Vasuclar addressins (L-Selectin, CD34, GlyCAM-1, MAdCAM-1)

Integreins and Immunoglobulin superfamily (LFA-1 and ICAM-1)

70
Q

Extravasation

A

This allows the neutrophils to exit the blood near the site of infection

71
Q

Four Steps for Extravasation:

A

Rolling adhesion –> Tight binding –> Diapedesis –> Migration to the infection site

72
Q

What do Fc receptors do?

A

bind Abs

73
Q

Respiratory burst

A

Transient increase in oxygen concentration = purpose is to raise the pH of the phagosome so the granule contents can become active to kill pathogen

74
Q

What does catalase do?

A

It takes hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and converts it to water and oxygen

75
Q

Netosis

A

a way neutrophils die that leads to capture and destruction of the pathogen

76
Q

NET’s (Neutrophil Extracellular Traps)

A

The neutrophil’s nucleus swells and leads to the cell bursting (netosis) leaving behind all the antimicrobial components of the granules as well as DNA and histones that serve to trap the pathogen.

77
Q

Is NADPH oxidase functional or non-functional?

A

NADPH oxidase is non-functional

78
Q

Pyrogens

A

TNF-a, IL-1, and IL-6

(Macrophages produce these cytokines)

79
Q
A
80
Q
A
81
Q
A

PCB3233 Immunology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions