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PCB3233 Immunology > Chapter 1: Elements of the Immune System and their Roles in Defense > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Elements of the Immune System and their Roles in Defense Flashcards

1
Q

Immunology

A

is the study of physiological mechanisms that are used to defend the body from invasion by foreign or infectious agents

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2
Q

Leukocyte

A

White blood cells

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3
Q

Innate immunity

A

determined by the genes you inherited from your parents

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4
Q

Adaptive/protective immunity

A
  • takes time to develop
  • first appears on vertebrates
  • T and B cells
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5
Q

Immunity involves two responses:

A
  1. Flexible but specific defenses of the adaptive immune response
  2. Fixed defenses of the innate immune response
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6
Q

Microbes

A
  • Survive on animal & plant products
  • Release digestive enzymes
  • Grow on living tissues (extracellular) where they are bathed in nutrients
  • Other (intracellular) microbes infect animal/human cells, utilizing host-cell sources
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7
Q

Antigen

A

Anything a B or T cell can bind to

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8
Q

Protective immunity

A

People who survive a specific infection become immune to it – adaptive cells have memory

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9
Q

Disease in prevented by…

A

by prior exposure to an attenuated/killed/subunit/RNA infectious agent (vaccine)

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10
Q

Edward Jenner

A

Discovered vaccination in 1796

Used cowpox to protect humans from smallpox

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11
Q

Pathogen

A

Any organism with potential to cause disease

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12
Q

Examples of pathogens

A

Influenza and bacillus

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13
Q

Opportunistic pathogens

A

cause disease if the body’s defenses are weakend or it gets into a part of the body it isn’t normally found it

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14
Q

Four Kinds of Pathogen that Cause Human Disease

A

Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, and Parasites (protozoa and worms)

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15
Q

Examples of bacteria

A

Salmonella enteritidis - Food poisoning
Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Tuberculosis TB
Streptococcus - Strep Throat

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16
Q

Examples of viruses

A

Variola - Smallpox
Influenza - Flu
HIV - AIDS
SARS-CoV-2 - COVID19

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17
Q

Example of fungi

A

Candida albicans - Thrush, systemic candidiasis, yeast infections

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18
Q

Example of parasite

A

Trypanosoma brucei - sleeping sickness

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19
Q

Pathogens smallest to largest

A

Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Parasite

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20
Q

Commensal Bacteria

A

Causes no harm to the host

Over 1000 microbial species in the human gut (normal flora)

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21
Q

What is the first line of external defense against infection?

A

Skin (it is a tough impenetrable barrier)

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22
Q

Skin is continuous with epithelia lining

A
  • Respiratory
  • Gastrointestinal
  • Urogenital tracts
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23
Q

Mucosal surfaces

A

Impermeable skin that gives way to specialized tissues that are more vulnerable to microbe attack

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24
Q

Mucosal surfaces are bathed in mucus; thick fluid containing….

A

glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and enzymes

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25
Q

Lysozyme is an antibacterial found in…

A

tears and saliva

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26
Q

Defensins

A

poke holes in the pathogen

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27
Q

Innate immune response consists of two parts

A

Recognition and recruitment of effector mechanisms (cells)

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28
Q

Innate immune system

A
  • First line of defense against infections
  • Works RAPIDLY
  • Gives rise to the acute inflammatory response
  • Has some specificity for microbes
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29
Q

Adaptive immune system

A
  • Takes longer to develop, (~7 days)
  • Is highly specific for antigens, including those associated with microbes
  • Uses one type of receptor to recognize many different pathogens
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30
Q

Primary immune response

A

First time the adaptive immune response is activated against a pathogen

31
Q

Secondary immune response

A

Any time the adaptive immune response is activated against a pathogen that it has been exposed to before (shows memory)

32
Q

Innate immunity (pathogen-recognition mechanisms)

A
  • Rapid response within hours
  • Fixed
  • Limited number of specificities
  • Constant during the course of response
33
Q

Adaptive immunity (pathogen-recognition mechanisms)

A
  • Slow response in days to weeks
  • Variable
  • Numerous highly selective specificities
  • Improve during the course of response
34
Q

Cells of the immune system:

A

Lymphoid cells, mononuclear phagocytes, granulocytic cells, dendritic cells

35
Q

Lymphoid cells (lymphocytes)

A

20-50% of white blood cells

T cells, B cells, and NK cells

36
Q

Mononuclear phagocytes

A

Monocytes that circulate in the blood

Macrophages found in tissues

37
Q

Granulocytic cells (granulocytes)

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils (based on morphology and cytoplasmic staining characteristics)

38
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Main function is the presentation of antigen to T cells

39
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Takes place in the bone marrow

40
Q

Generation of the cellular elements of blood

A

Red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells/leukocytes (WBC), and Megakaryocyte (platelets)

41
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells can divide into…

A

Lymphoid, myeloid, and erythroid lineage

42
Q

Common lymphoid precursor can divide into…

A

B cell, T cell, and NK cell

43
Q

Common myeloid precursor can divide into…

A

Monocyte, neutrophil eosinophil, basophil (blood)

Macrophage, dendritic cell, mast cell (tissues)

44
Q

Megakaryocyte/erythoid can divide into…

A

Megakaryocyte–>platelets, and erythrocytes

45
Q

Most abundant leukocytes are the _________

A

neutrophils, followed by lymphocytes

46
Q

Leukocytes

A

A general term for white blood cells: Lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes

47
Q

Lymphocytes

A

A class of white blood cells that consist of small and large lymphocytes. T and B cells are the only cells found in lymph in large numbers, this is why they were named Lymphocytes.

48
Q

What are the two classes of lymphocytes?

A

Small lymphocytes (adaptive immunity cells) and large granular lymphocytes

49
Q

Small lymphocytes

A

B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells)

50
Q

Large granular lymphocytes

A

Natural killer (NK) cells, lymphocytes of innate immunity

51
Q

Naive lymphocytes (or small lymphocytes)

A

resting cells that have not interacted with antigen

52
Q

Lymphoblasts

A

are lymphocytes that have interacted with antigen and proliferate

Lymphoblasts eventually differentiate into effector cells or into memory cells

53
Q

Effector cells eliminate ______

A

antigen

54
Q

Cytokine-producing T helper cells (TH)

A

CD4 cell

55
Q

Plasma B cells secrete ______

A

antibody

56
Q

T cytotoxic cells (TC)

A

CD8 cell

57
Q

NK cells (large granular lymphocytes)

A

are found throughout the tissues fo the body but mainly in the circulation

58
Q

NK cells constitute _____% of lymphocytes in human blood

A

5-10%

59
Q

NK cells contain ________ substances which are important for protection against viruses and some tumors

A

cytotoxic

60
Q

NK cells secrete cytokines which…

A

prevent viral replication and helps to activate T cell-mediated immunity

61
Q

Neutrophils (definition)

A

are effectors of innate immunity - specialized in the capture, engulfment and killing of microbes

62
Q

Neutrophils (details)

A
  • Work in the anaerobic conditions found in damaged tissue
  • Are short-lived and die at site of the infection – one the major reasons for pus formation at the site of injury
  • Pus former = pyogenic
  • Are phagocytic cells that contain toxic substances in intracellular granules (primary and secondary granules)
  • Employ oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent pathways to destroy pathogens
63
Q

Monocytes are only found in ______

A

circulation

64
Q

Macrophages are only found in ______

A

tissues

65
Q

What is the purpose of the folds in dendritic cells?

A

The folds allow maximum interaction with other cells of the immune system

66
Q

Most dendritic cells

A
  • Possess high levels of surface MHC class II molecules
  • Can also present with MHC I
  • Process and present peptide antigens to T cells
  • Their role is to recognize microbial antigens through innate receptors and process and present them to T cells of the adaptive immune system
67
Q

Follicular dendritic cells (FDC)

A

hold intact antigens in specialized areas of lymphoid tissues
They are found in germinal centers of secondary lymphoid tissues

68
Q

Megakaryocytes are responsible for

A

platelet formation

69
Q

Erythrocytes are responsible for oxygen transport and …

A

they have an important immunological role in clearing immune complexes from the circulation in persistent infections and in some autoimmune diseases

70
Q

NK cell

A

Type 1 immunity
Cell-mediated cytotoxicity
Intracellular infections
Viruses and some bacteria

71
Q

ILC1

A

Type 1 immunity
Inflammatory macrophage activation
Extracellular infections
Bacteria

72
Q

ILC2

A

Type 2 Immunity
Noninflammatory macrophage activation
Intestinal parasite infections

73
Q

ILC3

A

Type 3 Immunity

Promotion of phagocytosis and secretion of antimicrobial peptides

PCB3233 Immunology (4 decks)

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