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Pathology - Kaplan > Chapter 3 - Inflammation > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

3 important components of acute inflammation:

A

Hemodynamic changes, neutrophils, and chemical mediators

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2
Q

Hemodynamic changes in acute inflammation:

A

Initial transient vasoconstriction due to Thromboxan A2

Massive vasodilatation mediated by histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins

Increased vascular permeability

Blood flow slows (stasis) due to increased viscosity, allowing neutrophils to marginate

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3
Q

The mechanism of increased vascular permeability involves…

A

Endothelial cell and pericyte contraction

Direct endothelial cell injury

Leukocyte injury of endothelium

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4
Q

Hypersegmented neutrophils

(>5 segments) are related to…

A

Megaloblastic anemias (vitamin B12 or folate deficiencies)

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5
Q

Neutrophils: Primary (azurophilic) granules contain…

A

Myeloperoxidase, phospholipase A2, lysozyme and hydrolases

Elastase, defensins

Bactericidal permeability increasing protein (BPI)

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6
Q

Lysozyme mechanism:

A

Damages bacterial cell walls by catalyzing hydrolysis of 1,4- beta-linkages

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7
Q

Neutrophils: Secondary (specific) granules contain:

A

Phospholipase A2, Collagenase

Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP), Lactoferrin, Lysozyme

Vitamin B12-binding proteins

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8
Q

Macrophages: life span in tissue compartment

A

60–120 days

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9
Q

Macrophages: content

A

Acid hydrolases, elastase, and collagenase

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10
Q

Neutrophil margination and adhesion: Step 1

A

Endothelial cells express E- and P-selectin

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11
Q

Neutrophil margination and adhesion: Step 2

A

Neutrophils bind to the selectins and roll

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12
Q

Neutrophil margination and adhesion: Step 3

A

Neutrophils express integrins

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13
Q

Neutrophil margination and adhesion: Step 4

A

Integrins bind to cellular adhesion molecules (ICAM-1 and VCAM-1)

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14
Q

P-selectin is normally present in…

A

Weibel-Palade bodies of endothelial cells

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15
Q

Inflammatory mediators stimulate P-selectin to…

A

Move to cell surface

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16
Q

IL-1 and TNF induce production of …, … and … by endothelial cells

A

E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1

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17
Q

Bacterial product that is a chemotactic factor to neutrophils

A

N-formyl-methionine

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18
Q

Oxygen-independent mechanisms:

A

Lysozyme

Lactoferrin

Acid hydrolases

Bactericidal permeability increasing protein (BPI)

Defensins

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19
Q

Myeloperoxidase deficiency: genetics

A

Autosomal recessive

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20
Q

Myeloperoxidase deficiency: presentation

A

Candida infections

21
Q

In Myeloperoxidase deficiency the nitroblue tetrazolium test will be…

A

Positive

22
Q

Histamine is produced by…

A

Basophils, platelets, and mast cells

23
Q

Triggers for release Histamine include:

A

IgE-mediated mast cell reactions

Physical injury

Anaphylatoxins (C3a and C5a)

IL-1

24
Q

Inflammation: Serotonin is produced by…

A

Platelets

25
Q

Serotonin is produced by platelets and causes…

A

Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

26
Q

Kinin System: Activated Hageman factor (factorXII) converts:

A

Prekallikrein → Kallikrein

27
Q

Kinin System: Kallikrein cleaves:

A

High molecular weight kininogen (HMWK) → Bradykinin

28
Q

Effects of bradykinin

A

Increased vascular permeability, pain, vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, and pain.

29
Q

Nitric oxide is produced by…

A

Macrophages

30
Q

Thromboxan A2 is produced by … and causes … and …

A

Platelets

Vasoconstriction ; Platelet aggregation

31
Q

Prostacyclin (PGI2) is produced by … and causes … and …

A

Vascular endothelium

Vasodilation; inhibition of platelet aggregation

32
Q

Mediators of Pain:

A

Bradykinin

Prostaglandins (E2)

33
Q

Prostaglandins that cause vasodilatation

A

PGE2, PGD2, and PGF2

34
Q

Leukotrienes C4, D4, E4 causes…

A

Vasoconstriction

35
Q

Lipoxins: concept

A

Antiinflammatory products that inhibit neutrophil chemotaxis

36
Q

4 possible outcomes of acute inflammation:

A

Complete resolution with regeneration

Complete resolution with scarring

Abscess formation

Transition to chronic inflammation

37
Q

Chemotactic factors for macrophages:

A

C5a, MCP-1, MIP-1α, PDGF, TGF-β

38
Q

Composition of a Granuloma: Epithelioid cells

A

Centrally

Macrophages modified by IFN-γ

Enlarged cells with abundant pink cytoplasm

39
Q

Composition of a Granuloma: Multinucleated giant cells

A

Centrally

Fusion of Epithelioid cells

40
Q

Multinucleated giant cells: Langhans-type giant cell has … arrangement of nuclei) and foreign body type giant cell has … arrangement of nuclei

A

Peripheral ; Haphazard

41
Q

Granuloma: location of Lymphocytes and Plasma cells a

A

Periphery

42
Q

Typical feature of TB’s granuloma

A

Central Necrosis

43
Q

Examples of Granulomatous diseases:

A 
Tuberculosis
Cat-scratch fever
Syphilis
Leprosy
Coccidioidomycosis
Schistosomiasis
Foreign bodies
Beryllium
Sarcoidosis
44
Q

6 major inflammation histologic patterns in infection

A 
Exudative
Necrotizing
Granulomatous
Interstitial
Cytopathic/cytoproliferative
No inflammation
45
Q

Exudative inflammation in infections: example

A

Bacterial meningitis, bronchopneumonia, and abscess.

46
Q

Necrotizing inflammation in infections: example

A

Necrotiz- ing fasciitis and necrotizing pharyngitis

47
Q

Interstitial inflammation in infections: example

A

Myocarditis (Coxsackie virus) and hepatitis

48
Q

Cytopathic/cytoproliferative inflammation in infections: example

A 
Intranuclear/cytoplasmic inclusions (cytomegalic inclusion disease, rabies [Negri body]); 
Syncytia formation (respiratory syncytial virus and herpes virus); and apoptosis (Councilman body in viral hepatitis).

Pathology - Kaplan (4 decks)

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