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Kaplan: Anatomy and Physiology Part I > Chapter 3: Histology: Epithelia > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Histology: Epithelia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue each organ consists of?

A

epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular

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2
Q

Describe the process of cystic fibrosis

A

AR disorder that occurs because of mutations in the CFTR gene found on chromosome 7

The CFTR is a protein on the plasma membrane of epithelial cells

Because of mutation of at ΔF508 phenylalanine amino acid then there is improper folding of the protein and it can’t be transported to plasma membrane

Cl- is not able to get to places with lots of mucus and water follows the chloride which would ultimately thin mucus

many symptoms like lung disease and several other conditions will ensue because of this genetic defect

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3
Q

Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?

A

renal tubules, salivary gland acini

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4
Q

Where is simple columnar epithelium found?

A

small intestines

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5
Q

Where is simple squamous epithelium found?

A

endothelium, mesothelium, epithelium lining the inside of the renal glomerular capsule

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6
Q

Where is stratified squamous eptihelium found?

A

nonkeratinized (e.g, esophagus) and keratinizing (e.g, skin)

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7
Q

Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium found?

A

trachea, epididymis

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8
Q

Where is transitional epithelium found?

A

urothelium (ureter and bladder)

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9
Q

Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found?

A

salivary gland ducts

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10
Q

What are microfilaments made up of? (what type of proteins)

A

actin proteins

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11
Q

What are microfilaments composed of?

A

G actin that polymerizes to form helical filaments of F actin

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12
Q

T/F. Actin polymerization is ATP dependent.

A

True

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13
Q

Plus end of F actin?

A

is barbed end and is site of polymerization

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14
Q

Depolymerization site of F actin?

A

pointed end

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15
Q

What filaments form the core of microvilli?

A

actin filaments

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16
Q

How many type of intermediate filaments are there?

A

4 types

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17
Q

What is Type I intermediate filament? Which epithelial cells are these type of filaments found in?

A

keratins (keratins are found in all epithelial cells)

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18
Q

What is Type II intermediate filaments?

A

intermediate filaments comprising a diverse group

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19
Q

What is Type III intermediate filaments?

A

intermediate filaments forming neurofilaments in neurons

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20
Q

What is Type IV intermediate filaments?

A

3 types of lamins forming a meshwork rather than individual filaments inside the nuclear envelope of all cells

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21
Q

When malignant cells begin to invade an epithelium, the first step results in loss of expression of what stabilizing structures; which leads to weakening of the epithelium?

A

loss of expression of cadherins

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22
Q

Changes in intermediate filaments are evident in what conditions?

A

neurons in Alzheimer’s and cirrhotic liver disease

23
Q

Do intermediate filaments undergo assembly and dissassembly?

A

no

24
Q

Do microtubules undergo assembly and dissassembly?

A

yes

25
Q

Transport along microtubules requires specific ATPase motor molecules. What are they called?

A

dynein and kinesin

26
Q

Dynein is responsible for what type of transport?

A

retrograde transport

27
Q

Kinesin is responsible for what type of transport?

A

anterograde transport

28
Q

Microtubules are found in what major structures?

A

true cilia and flagella

29
Q

Describe cadherins and selectins.

A

are calcium ion-dependent adhesion molecules

extracellular portion binds to a cadherin dimer on another cell (trans binding)

cytoplasmic portions of cadherins are linked to cytoplasmic actin filaments

30
Q

What are integrins?

A

Ca2+ independent adhesion molecules; they are transmembrane surface molecules with extracellular domains that bind to fibronectin and laminin which are components of extracellular basement membrane

31
Q

What is the basal lamina composed of?

A

type IV collagen, glycoproteins (e.g. laminin), and proteoglycans (e.g, heparin sulfate) and reticular lamina (composed of reticular fibers)

32
Q

What are the 3 types of junctional complexes?

A

anchoring, tight, and gap junctions

33
Q

What is another name for tight junctions?

A

zonula occludens

34
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

forms barriers to diffusion and determines cell polarity

form series of punctate contacts of adjacent epithelial cells near the apical end of luminal surface of epithelial cells

35
Q

What is the zonula adherens?

A

forms a belt around the entire apicolateral circumference of the cell immediately below the tight junction of epithelium

36
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

function as anchoring junctions

provide a structural and mechanical link between cells

37
Q

What are hemidesmosomes?

A

adhere epithelial cells to basement membrane

38
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

structure that consists of the basal membrane of a cell and 2 underlying extracellular components (the basal lamina and the reticular lamina?

39
Q

Another name for desmosomes?

A

macula adherens

40
Q

Gap junctions?

A

function in cell-to-cell communication between the cytoplasm of adjacent cells by providing a passageway for ions such as calcium and small molecules such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)

41
Q

Another name for gap junctions?

A

communicating junctions

42
Q

Where are microvilli typically found?

A

in small and large intestine and in the proximal tubule of the kidney on columnar epithelial respiratory cells

43
Q

Treatment for pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid?

A

corticosteroids

44
Q

Pemphigus vulgaris has autoab towards what?

A

desmosomal proteins in skin cells

45
Q

Bullous pemphigoid manifests with autoab agianst what?

A

hemidesmosomal proteins

46
Q

Etiology of bullous pemphigoid?

A

can be drug- induced (e.g middle-aged or elderly patient on multiple medications)

47
Q

Characteristics bullous pemphigoid?

A

widespread blistering with pruritus

less severe than pemphigus vulgaris

rarely affects oral mucosa

48
Q

Characteristics pemphigus vulgaris?

A

painful flaccid bullae (blisters) in oropharynx and skin that rupture easliy

postinflammaotry hyperpigmentation

49
Q

What are stereocilia? Where are they found?

A

long, branched microvilli that are found in male reproductive tract (e.g epididymis)

(short stereocilia cap all sensory cells in inner ear)

50
Q

Describe the structure of the cilia?

A

contain 9 peripheral pairs of microtubules and 2 central microtubules

51
Q

Microtubules convey motility to cilia through what structures?

A

ATPase dynein

52
Q

Where is cilia found?

A

they bend and beat on the cell surface of pseudostratified ciliated columnar respiratory epithelial cells to propel overlying mucous

also form core of flagella, motile tail of sperm cells

53
Q

Kartagener syndrome.

A

caused by absence of dynein that is required for flagellar motility.

characterized by immotile spermatozoa and infertility

associated with chronic respiratory infections

More specifically Kartageners is when you have ciliary dyskinesia and all its symptoms along with situs inversus

Kaplan: Anatomy and Physiology Part I (4 decks)

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