Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

developmental psychology > Chapter 3: Hereditary Influences on Development > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Hereditary Influences on Development Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

genetic endowment that an individual inherits

A

genotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the ways in which a person’s genotype is expressed in observable or measurable characteristics

A

phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

dynamic operation that changes a gene without altering the DNA

A

epigenetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the moment of fertilization when a sperm penetrates an ovum forming a zygote

A

conception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

a single cell formed at conception from the union of a sperm an ovum

A

zygote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

a threadlike structure of DNA that is made up of genes; in humans there are 46 (23 pairs) in the nucleus of each body cell

A

chromosomeh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

hereditary instruction(s) for development that are transmitted from generation to generation

A

genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

long double-stranded molecules that make up chromosomes

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

complementary bases found on opposing sides or rungs on the double helix

A

base pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

sexual organs that produce germ cells; testes in males and ovaries in females

A

gonads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the process in which a cell duplicates its chromosomes and then divides into two genetically identical daughter cells

A

mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

an original or a duplicate of a chromosome

A

chromatid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the process in which a germ cell divides; producing gametes (sperm or ova) that each contain half of the parent’s cells original complement of chromosomes

A

meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

a process in which genetic material is exchanged between maternal and paternal homologues during meiosis

A

crossing over

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

an equivalent chromosome that is inherited from a mother and a father; in humans, we have 22 of these

A

homologues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

the principle stating that each maternal and paternal pair of chromosomes independently segregates from all other chromosome pairs during meiosis

A

independent assortment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

germ cells; sperm in males, ova in emales

A

gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

twins who develop from a single zygote that later divides to form two genetically identical individuals

A

monozygotic (or identical) twins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

twins that result when a mother releases two ova at roughly the same time and each is fertilized by a different sperm, producing two zygote that are genetically different

A

dizygotic (or fraternal) twins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the 22 pairs of human chromosomes that are identical in males and females

A

autosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the longer of the two sex chromosomes; most females have two of these and most males have one

A

X chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

the shorter of the two sex chromosomes; most males have one and most females have none

A

Y chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

the complete set of our genes

A

genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

alternative forms of a gene at a particular site on a chromosome

A

allele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

a pattern of inheritance in which one allele dominates another so that only the dominant phenotype is expressed

A

single dominant-recessive inheritance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

a gene that is expressed phenotypically and masks the effect of a less powerful gene

A

dominant allele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

a less powerful gene that is not expressed phenotypically when paired with a dominant allele

A

recessive allele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

having inherited two alleles for an attribute

A

homozygous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

having inherited two alleles for an attribute that have different effects

A

hereozygous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

a heterozygous individual who displays no sign of a recessive allele in his or her own phenotype but can pass this gene to offspring

A

carrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

condition in which two heterozygous but equally powerful alleles produce a phenotype in which both genes are fully and equally expressed

A

codominance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

a genetic blood disease that causes red blood cells to assume an unusual sickled shape and to become inefficient at distributing oxygen

A

sickle cell anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

an attribute determined by a recessive gene that appears on the X chromosome; more likely to characterize males

A

sex-linked inheritance

34
Q

a characteristic that is influenced by the action of many genes rather than a single pair

A

polygenic trait

35
Q

two identical twins have the same DNA; but one is shy and the other is good at soccer. This is due to experiences that have a biological affect on DNA.

A

epigenetics

36
Q

a problem that is present (though not necessarily apparent) at birth; such defects may stem from genetic and prenatal influences or from complications of the birth process

A

congenital defects

37
Q

a change in the chemical structure or arrangement of one or more genes that has the effect of producing a new phenotype

A

mutation

38
Q

a service designed to informed prospective parents about genetic diseases and to help them determine the likelihood that they would transmit such disorders to their children

A

genetic counselling

39
Q

abnormality of the X chromosome caused by a defective gene and associated with mild to severe intellectual disability, particularly when the defective gene is passed from mother to child

A

fragile-X syndrome

40
Q

a method of extracting amniotic fluid from a pregnant woman so that fetal body cells within the fluid can be tested for chromosomal abnormalities and other genetic defects

A

amniocentesis

41
Q

an alternative to amniocentesis in which fetal cells are extracted from the placenta for prenatal tests.

A

chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

42
Q

an analysis of DNA in the placenta that reveals the genetic profile of the unborn child

A

non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT)

43
Q

method of detecting gross physical abnormalities by scanning the womb with sound waves, thereby producing a visual outline of the fetus

A

ultrasound

44
Q

a genetic disease in which the child is unable to metabolize phenylalanine; which left untreated, it soon causes hyperactivity and intellectual disability

A

phenylketonuria (PKU)

45
Q

a procedure, not yet perfected or approved for use with humans, in which harmful genes would be repaired or replaced with healthy ones, thereby permanently correcting a genetic defect

A

germline gene therapy

46
Q

the study of how genes and environment contribute to individual variations in development

A

behavioral genetics

47
Q

the amount of variability in a trait that is attributable to hereditary factors

A

heritability

48
Q

a method of studying genetic influences by determining whether traits can be bred in animals through _______________

A

selective breeding

49
Q

collecting data from multiple people in a family who may or may not be genetically related

A

family studies

50
Q

the extent to which two individuals have genes in common

A

kinship

51
Q

study in which sets of twins that differ in zygosity (kinship) are compared to determine the heritability of an attribute

A

twin design (or twin study)

52
Q

study in which adoptees are compared with their biological relatives and their adoptive relatives to estimate the heritability of an attribute or attributes

A

adoption design

53
Q

the percentage of cases in which a particular attribute is present for one member of a twin pair if it is present for the other

A

concordance rate

54
Q

a numerical estimate, ranging from O.OO to +1.00 of the amount of variation in an attribute that is attributable to hereditary factors

A

heritability coefficient

55
Q

an environmental influence that people living together do not share and that should make these individuals different from one another

A

nonshared environmental influence (NSE)

56
Q

an environmental influence that people living together share and that makes these individuals similar to one another

A

shared environmental influences (SEs)

57
Q

the opposite poles of a personality dimension

A

introversion/extroversion

58
Q

a measure of the extent to which an individual recognizes the needs of others and is concerned about their welfare

A

empathic concern

59
Q

a psychological disorder characterized by extreme fluctuations in mood

A

bipolar disorder

60
Q

an irrational pattern of thinking or behvaiour that a person may use to content with stress or to avoid anxiety

A

neurotic disorder

61
Q

genetic restriction of phenotype to a small number of developmental outcomes

A

canalization

62
Q

range-of-reaction

A

the idea that genotype set limits on the range of possible phenotypes that a person might display in response to different environments

63
Q

the notion that the rearing environments that biological parents provide are influenced by the parents’ own genes, and hence are correlated with the child’s own genotype

A

passive genotype/environment interactions

64
Q

the notion that our heritable attributes affect others’ behaviors toward us and thus influence the social environment in which development takes place

A

evocative genotype/environment interactions

65
Q

the notion that our genotypes affect the types of environments that we prefer and seek out

A

active genotype/environmental interactions

66
Q

What is the term for the observable characteristics that arise from the expression of a person’s genes?
a. Gene
b. Chromosome
c. Genotype
d. Phenotype

A

d. Phenotype

67
Q

DNA is to gene as
a. Gene is to chromosome
b. Meiosis is to mitosis
c. Crossing-over is to independent assortment
d. Germ cell is to gamete

A

a. Gene is to chromosome

68
Q

Which of the following is NOT a process that contributes to each gamete receiving a unique set of chromosomes?
a. Meiosis
b. Mitosis
c. Crossing-over
d. Independent assortment

A

b. Mitosis

69
Q

Each human cell contains 22 pairs of which of the following?
a. Genes
b. Alleles
c. Sex chromosomes
d. Autosomes

A

d. Autosomes

70
Q

Which process results in dizygotic twins?
a. The fertilization of two different ova by two different sperm
b. The fertilization of a single ova by two different sperm
c. The division of the zygote into two different individuals
d. The division of the gamete into two germ cells

A

a. The fertilization of two different ova by two different sperm

71
Q

All of the following EXCEPT which one can result in congenital disorders?
a. Abnormal genes
b. Abnormal chromosomes
c. Abnormal contact between mother and child during postnatal development
d. Abnormalities in prenatal development

A

c. Abnormal contact between mother and child during postnatal development

72
Q

What does genetic counselling refer to the prediction of?
a. Abnormalities of the chromosomes
b. Abnormalities of meiosis
c. Abnormalities of mitosis
d. Abnormalities of the ovum

A

a. Abnormalities of the chromosomes

73
Q

What is the term for the complete family history a genetic counsellor will use to determine the likelihood that a child will inherit a congenital disorder?
a. A pedigree
b. A DNA analysis
c. A DNA map
d. A background check

A

a. A pedigree

74
Q

Which test to detect congenital disorders during prenatal development can be performed earliest in the pregnancy (at nine weeks), allowing the parents more time to consider terminating the pregnancy?
a. Amniocentesis
b. Ultrasound
c. Chorionic villus sampling
d. Maternal blood analysis

A

d. Maternal blood analysis

75
Q

TRUE OR FALSE? Amniocentesis can detect only the sex of the fetus, not whether or not it has any genetic disorders

A

FALSE

76
Q

TRUE OR FALSE? Predicting, detecting, and treating genetic disorders are the three ways a couple can deal with the possibility that their child will inherit a disorder.

A

TRUE

77
Q

What does the heritability coefficient compare?
a. Identical twins in the same environment to identical twins in different environments
b. Fraternal twins in the same environment to fraternal twins in different environments
c. Identical twins to fraternal twins
d. Fraternal twins to nontwin siblings

A

c. Identical twins to fraternal twins

78
Q

Heredity is a major contributor of all of the following conditions EXCEPT which one?
a. Schizophrenia
b. Bipolar disorder
c. Anorexia nervosa
d. Alcoholism

A

c. Anorexia nervosa

79
Q

The limited number of ways a person will respond to the environment is determined by his or her genotype. What is the term for the possible responses a person could make?
a. His or her possible outcome scenario
b. His or her range of reaction
c. His or her nonshared environmental influences
d. His or her shared environmental influences

A

b. His or her range of reaction

80
Q

TRUE OR FALSE? Genes are more important earlier in life, whereas experience alone determines intellectual performance after adolescence.

A

FALSE

81
Q

TRUE OR FALSE? Gene’s influence both the course and the extent of infants’ mental development

A

TRUE

82
Q

TRUE OR FALSE? Both nonshared environmental influences and genetic influences contribute to phenotypes.

A

TRUE

developmental psychology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions