Chapter 3 - Foreign Policy

Question 1

What were Henry’s achievements regarding foreign policy with Spain?

Answer 1

• Treaty of Medina del Campo (1489) gave peace and security between the countries and ensured some mutual loyalty and protection
• Arranged marriage of Arthur and Catherine enhanced the alliance
• Treaty of Windsor (1506) secured relationship with Juana and Philip and brought about the return of the Earl of Suffolk

Question 2

What were Henry’s failures regarding foreign policy with Spain?

Answer 2

• Arthur died in 1502, a year after his marriage to Catherine which partially compromised the Treaty of Medina del Campo.
• Henry supported Philip of Burgundy and Juana’s claim to the Spanish throne (1506) but Philip’s death soon after their arrival in Spain and Juana’s subsequent grief meant Ferdinand took over and Henry was left isolated.

Question 3

What were Henry’s achievements regarding foreign policy with France?

Answer 3

• Launched an invasion of France in 1492 which caused the French to quickly seek a settlement because they were preoccupied with their own invasion of Italy
• This lead to the treaty of Etaples (1492) which ensured peace, said that the French were to pay Henry a pension and that they would withdraw their support for Perkin Warbeck.

Question 4

What were Henry’s failures regarding foreign policy with France?

Answer 4

He sent an army to fight against the French invasion of Brittany in 1489 even though France was Europe’s superpower at the time and not a good country to make an enemy of.

Question 5

What were Henry’s achievements regarding foreign policy with Scotland?

Answer 5

• Truce took place at Ayton in 1497
• Improvements in Anglo-Scottish relations which meant James IV had no diplomatic use for Warbeck who was executed in 1499
• The 1502 Treaty of Perpetual Peace sanctioned the marriage of James and Henry’s daughter Margaret which took place in 1503

Question 6

What were Henry’s failures regarding foreign policy with Scotland?

Answer 6

• When James IV came of age to rule he offered support and hospitality to Perkin Warbeck.
• Had Warbeck in his court for 2 years
• Encouraged Warbeck to cross the border and invade with a small military force in 1496 (but Henry handled it and emerged victorious)

Question 7

What were Henry’s achievements regarding foreign policy with Brittany?

Answer 7

• Felt obligated to maintain good relations with Brittany because he had grown up there whilst in exile as a child
• Sent an army to support them when the French invaded in 1489
• Signed the Treaty of Redon (1489) where Anne agreed to pay for a small English army to help fend off the invasion

Question 8

What were Henry’s failures regarding foreign policy with Brittany?

Answer 8

• Anne surrendered to France out of fear of the implications of a long drawn out conflict and married Charles VIII, going against the treaty of Redon
• English army left marooned in Brittany, facing bad relations with France

Question 9

What were Henry’s achievements regarding foreign policy with Burgundy?

Answer 9

• The Intercursus Magnus of 1496 ended the trade embargo, improving the British Economy
• Intercursus Malus of 1504 demanded a trade deal that would have put England in a very strong position as it was so unfair on Philip that it was never actually passed
• Promptly locked Earl of Suffolk in the Tower after Burgundy began to show support for his claim.

Question 10

What were Henry’s failures regarding foreign policy with Burgundy?

Answer 10

• Maximillian and his son Philip offered hospitality to Perkin Warbeck
• Henry put an embargo on trade with Burgundy (even though the Netherlands was a huge port of trade for British Merchants) –> showed he was more concerned about his dynastic interests than the country’s economy
• Burgundy began to support the claim of the Earl of Suffolk

Question 11

What were some of Henry’s successes and failures with securing his Dynasty through his foreign policy?

Answer 11

Successes:
- Married and coronated Elizabeth of York
- Married Arthur of to Catherine of Aragon in 1501

Failures:
- Arthur died 1502, 1 year after marriage to Catherine
- Most of his children didn’t marry during his reign
-Elizabeth died in 1503 and he did not remarry although he had tried in the name of forming alliances with Castille/Aragon/France/ the Holy Roman Empire

Question 12

What were some of Henry’s failures when it came to his foreign policy regarding trade?

Answer 12

• 1493 embargo on Burgundy
• In 1493 paid minimal compensation when the Hanseatic League’s London Headquarters were attacked
• In 1504 he supported an act restoring the Hanseatic League’s privileges (undermined English Merchants) because he was trying to get the Earl of Suffolk who was in Germany