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Pathophysiology Test 1 > Chapter 3-fluids, Elctrolytes, Acid, Base > Flashcards

Chapter 3-fluids, Elctrolytes, Acid, Base Flashcards

1
Q

2/3 or the body’s water is ________ ___________

A

Intercellular fluid

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2
Q

1/3 is _______ _______. This is made of what two groups?

A

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Interstitial fluid
Intravascular fluid

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3
Q

A family of water channel proteins that provide permeability to water

A

Aquaporins

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4
Q

What percent body weight is normal for neonates to lose following birth?

A

5%

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5
Q

_________is responsible for the osmotic balance of the ECF

A

Sodium

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6
Q

___________ maintains the osmotic balance of the ICF.

A

Potassium

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7
Q

___________ ___________ ___________ facilitates the outward movement of water from the capillary to the interstitial space

A

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

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8
Q

Attracts water from the interstitial space back into the capillary

A

Capillary oncotic pressure

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9
Q

Facilitates the inward movement of water from the interstitial space into the capillary

A

Interstitial hydrostatic pressure

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10
Q

Osmotically attracts water from the capillary into the interstitial space

A

Interstitial oncotic pressure

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11
Q

An excessive accumulation of fluid within the interstitial spaces

A

Edema

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12
Q

What are he four most common causes for edema

A

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
Decreased capillary oncotic pressure
Increased capillary membrane permeability
Lymphatic obstruction

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13
Q

Water follows the _________ _________ established by changes in salt concentration

A

Osmotic gradient

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14
Q

Sodium is regulated by the renal affects of ____________

A

Aldosterone

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15
Q

________ accounts for 90% of ECF cations

A

Sodium (Na+)

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16
Q

The ________, in conjunction with neural and hormonal mediators, maintains normal serum sodium levels (___to___) primarily through ______ ______ _________.

A

Kidney
135-145 mEq/L
Renal tubular absorption

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17
Q

Hormonal regulation of sodium balanced is mediated by -___________

A

Aldosterone

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18
Q

Aldosterone is secret r from the _______ ________

A

Adrenal cortex

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19
Q

When circulating blood pressure and renal flow, or serum sodium concentrations is reduced, ______, an enzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidneys is released

A

Renin

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20
Q

When is renin secreted?

A

Decreased BP and renal flow or decreased serum sodium concentrations

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21
Q

Renin stimulates the formation of

A

Angiotensin I

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22
Q

What converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II?

A

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

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23
Q

What is caused my angiotensin II?

A

Vasoconstriction

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24
Q

Angiotensin II also stimulates the secretion of?

A

Aldosterone

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25
Q

__________ also stimulates secretion of ________ by the distal tubule of the kidney __________ potassium concentrations in the ECF.

A

Aldosterone
Potassium
Decreasing

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26
Q

What is secreted when plasma osmolality increases or circulating blood volumes decrease and BP drops

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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27
Q

Increased osmolality stimulates hypothalamic _____________, which stimulates thirst. Once stimulated they also cause the posterior pituitary to release

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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28
Q

The action of ____________ ___________ is to increase the permeability of distal renal tubular cells to water, increasing water reabsorption and promoting the restoration or plasma volume and blood pressure.

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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29
Q

The restoration of plasma osmolality, blood volume, and blood pressure then _______ ADH secretion.

A

Inhibits

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30
Q

With fluid loss (dehydration) and a decrease in a blood volume and blood pressure, ____________ stimulates the release of ADH.

A

Baroreceptors

31
Q

Higher concentrations of ADH stimulates peripheral ___________ _____________, thus increasing BP

A

Arterial vasoconstriction

32
Q

Hypertonic state caused by water loss leads to

A

Hypovolemia

33
Q

Hypertonicity of the ECF ______ water from the ICF, causing dehydration.

A

Attracts

34
Q

Most common type of hypernatremia is ________

A

Euvolemic

35
Q

If you have hypernatremia you will likely also have _____________

A

Hyperchloremia

36
Q

Intracellular levels of K are equal to ___ to ____ mEq/L, and extra cellular levels are _____ to _____ mEq/L

A

150-160

3.5-5

37
Q

What contributes to the regulation of plasma potassium levels by stimulating the NaK ATPase pump, thereby promoting potassium into liver and muscle cells

A

Insulin

38
Q

__________ facilitates the shift of K into cells in exchange for H+

A

Alkalosis

39
Q

Hydrogen ions move to the ____ in a state of acidosis

A

ICF

40
Q

Renal regulation of potassium includes: (4)

A
  1. The concentrations gradient for K+ at the sista tubule and collecting duct
  2. The distal tubule flow rate and distal tubule sodium delivery
  3. The action of aldosterone
  4. Changes in pH causing acidosis or alkalosis
41
Q

If the threshold potential remains stable, the difference between resting membrane potential and threshold potential increases and the cell membrane becomes _________

A

Hyperpolarized

42
Q

Calcium and phosphate balance is regulated these three hormones

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Vitamin D
Calcitonin

43
Q

__________primarily decreases calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclastic activity in bone

A

Calcitonin

44
Q

Increased secretion of PTH causes (increase/decrease) or calcium

A

Decrease

45
Q

Where is magnesium located?

A

ICF

46
Q

Plasma concentration of magnesium is

A

1.5-3 mg/dL

47
Q

Symptoms of hypermagnesmia

A

Bradycardia, resp distress, hypotension

48
Q

S/sx hypomagnesemia

A

Depression, confusion, irritability, increased reflexes, muscle weakness, ataxia

49
Q

S/sx of hypercalcemia

A

Fatigue, weakness, lethargy, anorexia nausea and constipation are common

50
Q

S/sx of hypocalcemia

A

Paresthesias around the mouth and in the digits; carpopedal spasm (muscle spasms in the hands/feet) hyperreflexia, and seizures

51
Q

S/sx of hyperkalemia

A

Muscle weakness or paralysis and dysrhythmia changes on EKG

52
Q

S/sx of hypokalemia

A

Skeletal muscle weakness in the larger muscles of the leg and arm and ultimately affect the diaphragm and depresses ventilation. Can lead to paralysis and respiratory arrest

53
Q

As hydrogen ions increases the pH ________

A

Decreases

54
Q

Three organs responsible for maintaining a normal pH

A

The bones, the lungs, and the kidneys

55
Q

Respiratory acids that are eliminated as CO2

A

Volatile

56
Q

Metabolic acids that are eliminated by the kidney or metabolized by the liver

A

Nonvolatile acids

57
Q

Occurs in response to acid/base shifts

A

Buffering

58
Q

Renal and respiratory adjustments to primary changes in pH

A

Compensation

59
Q

Occurs when the values for both components of the buffer system really run to normal

A

Correction

60
Q

An excellent intracellular blood buffer because of its ability to bind with H+ and carbon dioxide

A

Hemoglobin

61
Q

Sense increases or decreases in the pH and PaCO2

A

Chemoreceptors

62
Q

The state at which the pH of arterial blood is less than 7.35

A

Acidemia

63
Q

When pH of arterial blood is greater than 7.45

A

Alkalemia

64
Q

Compensation for respiratory acidosis

A

Renal bicarbonate retention and hydrogen elimination

65
Q

Compensation for metabolic acidosis

A

Respiratory CO2 elimination (hyperventilation)

66
Q

Compensation for respiratory alkalosis

A

Renal bicarbonate elimination and hydrogen retention

67
Q

Compensation for metabolic acidosis

A

Respiratory retention of CO2 (hypoventilation)

68
Q

Excess carbon dioxide in the blood

A

Hypercapnia

69
Q

S/sx of respiratory alkalosis

A

Dizziness, confusion, tingling of the extremities, convulsions, coma

70
Q

S/sx of respiratory acidosis

A

HA, restlessness, blurred vision, and apprehension

71
Q

Water moves between the plasma and interstitial fluid by __________ and _____________ _____________.

A

Osmosis

Hydrostatic pressure

72
Q

Sodium balance is regulated by ___________ , which increases reabsorption of sodium by the _________ _______ of the kidney.

A

Aldosterone

Distal tubule

73
Q

_______ and ________ are enzymes that promote or inhibit secretion of aldosterone and this regulate sodium and water balance.

A

Renin and angiotensin

74
Q

this is also involved in decreasing renal tubular resorption and promotes urinary excretion of sodium

A

Atrial natriuretic hormone

Pathophysiology Test 1 (7 decks)

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