Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology Test 1 > Chapter 3-fluids, Elctrolytes, Acid, Base > Flashcards

Chapter 3-fluids, Elctrolytes, Acid, Base Flashcards

1
Q

2/3 or the body’s water is ________ ___________

A

Intercellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

1/3 is _______ _______. This is made of what two groups?

A

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Interstitial fluid
Intravascular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

A family of water channel proteins that provide permeability to water

A

Aquaporins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What percent body weight is normal for neonates to lose following birth?

A

5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

_________is responsible for the osmotic balance of the ECF

A

Sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

___________ maintains the osmotic balance of the ICF.

A

Potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

___________ ___________ ___________ facilitates the outward movement of water from the capillary to the interstitial space

A

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Attracts water from the interstitial space back into the capillary

A

Capillary oncotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Facilitates the inward movement of water from the interstitial space into the capillary

A

Interstitial hydrostatic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Osmotically attracts water from the capillary into the interstitial space

A

Interstitial oncotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

An excessive accumulation of fluid within the interstitial spaces

A

Edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are he four most common causes for edema

A

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
Decreased capillary oncotic pressure
Increased capillary membrane permeability
Lymphatic obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Water follows the _________ _________ established by changes in salt concentration

A

Osmotic gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sodium is regulated by the renal affects of ____________

A

Aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

________ accounts for 90% of ECF cations

A

Sodium (Na+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The ________, in conjunction with neural and hormonal mediators, maintains normal serum sodium levels (___to___) primarily through ______ ______ _________.

A

Kidney
135-145 mEq/L
Renal tubular absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hormonal regulation of sodium balanced is mediated by -___________

A

Aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Aldosterone is secret r from the _______ ________

A

Adrenal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When circulating blood pressure and renal flow, or serum sodium concentrations is reduced, ______, an enzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidneys is released

A

Renin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When is renin secreted?

A

Decreased BP and renal flow or decreased serum sodium concentrations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Renin stimulates the formation of

A

Angiotensin I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II?

A

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is caused my angiotensin II?

A

Vasoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Angiotensin II also stimulates the secretion of?

A

Aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

__________ also stimulates secretion of ________ by the distal tubule of the kidney __________ potassium concentrations in the ECF.

A

Aldosterone
Potassium
Decreasing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is secreted when plasma osmolality increases or circulating blood volumes decrease and BP drops

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Increased osmolality stimulates hypothalamic _____________, which stimulates thirst. Once stimulated they also cause the posterior pituitary to release

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The action of ____________ ___________ is to increase the permeability of distal renal tubular cells to water, increasing water reabsorption and promoting the restoration or plasma volume and blood pressure.

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The restoration of plasma osmolality, blood volume, and blood pressure then _______ ADH secretion.

A

Inhibits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

With fluid loss (dehydration) and a decrease in a blood volume and blood pressure, ____________ stimulates the release of ADH.

A

Baroreceptors

31
Q

Higher concentrations of ADH stimulates peripheral ___________ _____________, thus increasing BP

A

Arterial vasoconstriction

32
Q

Hypertonic state caused by water loss leads to

A

Hypovolemia

33
Q

Hypertonicity of the ECF ______ water from the ICF, causing dehydration.

34
Q

Most common type of hypernatremia is ________

35
Q

If you have hypernatremia you will likely also have _____________

A

Hyperchloremia

36
Q

Intracellular levels of K are equal to ___ to ____ mEq/L, and extra cellular levels are _____ to _____ mEq/L

A

150-160

3.5-5

37
Q

What contributes to the regulation of plasma potassium levels by stimulating the NaK ATPase pump, thereby promoting potassium into liver and muscle cells

38
Q

__________ facilitates the shift of K into cells in exchange for H+

39
Q

Hydrogen ions move to the ____ in a state of acidosis

40
Q

Renal regulation of potassium includes: (4)

A
  1. The concentrations gradient for K+ at the sista tubule and collecting duct
  2. The distal tubule flow rate and distal tubule sodium delivery
  3. The action of aldosterone
  4. Changes in pH causing acidosis or alkalosis
41
Q

If the threshold potential remains stable, the difference between resting membrane potential and threshold potential increases and the cell membrane becomes _________

A

Hyperpolarized

42
Q

Calcium and phosphate balance is regulated these three hormones

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Vitamin D
Calcitonin

43
Q

__________primarily decreases calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclastic activity in bone

A

Calcitonin

44
Q

Increased secretion of PTH causes (increase/decrease) or calcium

45
Q

Where is magnesium located?

46
Q

Plasma concentration of magnesium is

A

1.5-3 mg/dL

47
Q

Symptoms of hypermagnesmia

A

Bradycardia, resp distress, hypotension

48
Q

S/sx hypomagnesemia

A

Depression, confusion, irritability, increased reflexes, muscle weakness, ataxia

49
Q

S/sx of hypercalcemia

A

Fatigue, weakness, lethargy, anorexia nausea and constipation are common

50
Q

S/sx of hypocalcemia

A

Paresthesias around the mouth and in the digits; carpopedal spasm (muscle spasms in the hands/feet) hyperreflexia, and seizures

51
Q

S/sx of hyperkalemia

A

Muscle weakness or paralysis and dysrhythmia changes on EKG

52
Q

S/sx of hypokalemia

A

Skeletal muscle weakness in the larger muscles of the leg and arm and ultimately affect the diaphragm and depresses ventilation. Can lead to paralysis and respiratory arrest

53
Q

As hydrogen ions increases the pH ________

54
Q

Three organs responsible for maintaining a normal pH

A

The bones, the lungs, and the kidneys

55
Q

Respiratory acids that are eliminated as CO2

56
Q

Metabolic acids that are eliminated by the kidney or metabolized by the liver

A

Nonvolatile acids

57
Q

Occurs in response to acid/base shifts

58
Q

Renal and respiratory adjustments to primary changes in pH

A

Compensation

59
Q

Occurs when the values for both components of the buffer system really run to normal

A

Correction

60
Q

An excellent intracellular blood buffer because of its ability to bind with H+ and carbon dioxide

A

Hemoglobin

61
Q

Sense increases or decreases in the pH and PaCO2

A

Chemoreceptors

62
Q

The state at which the pH of arterial blood is less than 7.35

63
Q

When pH of arterial blood is greater than 7.45

64
Q

Compensation for respiratory acidosis

A

Renal bicarbonate retention and hydrogen elimination

65
Q

Compensation for metabolic acidosis

A

Respiratory CO2 elimination (hyperventilation)

66
Q

Compensation for respiratory alkalosis

A

Renal bicarbonate elimination and hydrogen retention

67
Q

Compensation for metabolic acidosis

A

Respiratory retention of CO2 (hypoventilation)

68
Q

Excess carbon dioxide in the blood

A

Hypercapnia

69
Q

S/sx of respiratory alkalosis

A

Dizziness, confusion, tingling of the extremities, convulsions, coma

70
Q

S/sx of respiratory acidosis

A

HA, restlessness, blurred vision, and apprehension

71
Q

Water moves between the plasma and interstitial fluid by __________ and _____________ _____________.

A

Osmosis

Hydrostatic pressure

72
Q

Sodium balance is regulated by ___________ , which increases reabsorption of sodium by the _________ _______ of the kidney.

A

Aldosterone

Distal tubule

73
Q

_______ and ________ are enzymes that promote or inhibit secretion of aldosterone and this regulate sodium and water balance.

A

Renin and angiotensin

74
Q

this is also involved in decreasing renal tubular resorption and promotes urinary excretion of sodium

A

Atrial natriuretic hormone

Pathophysiology Test 1 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions