Chapter 2: Altered Cellular And Tissue Biology Flashcards
A reversible, structural, or functional responsible to both normal or physiological conditions and adverse or pathological conditions
Adaptation
Decrease in cell size
Atrophy
Increase in cell size
Hypertrophy
Increase in cell number
Hyperplasia
Reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another less mature cell type or a change in the phenotype
Metaplasia
Deranged cellular growth (atypical hyperplasia)
Dysphasia
Where is atrophy most common to occur?
Skeletal muscle, the heart, secondary sex organs, and the brain
An adaptive mechanism that enables certain organs to regenerate (i.e. the liver)
Compensatory hyperplasia
Abnormal proliferation of normal cells and can occur as a response to excessive hormonal stimulation or the effects of growth factors in target cells
Pathological hyperplasia
Abnormal changes in size, shape, and organization of mature cells
Dysplasia
When dysplastic changes penetrates the basement membrane it is covered considered a preinvasive neoplasm and I known as
Carcinoma in situ
What is the most common cause of cellular injury
Hypoxia
Lack of ATP leads to an increase in anaerobic metabolism, which generates ATP from?
Glycogen
The destruction of unsaturated fatty acids
Lipid perixidation
Compounds that humans are exposed to, including toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic chemicals
Xenobiotics
An atom or molecule that is attracted to electrons and accept a pair of electrons to make a covalent bond
Electrophile
An atom or molecule that donates an electron pair to form a chemical bond?
Nucleophile
Contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by any chemical, physical, or biologic agent that modifies natural characteristics of the atmosphere
Air pollution
Exposure to this toxin increases risk for brain damage and nervous system; slowed growth & development, learning and behavior problems, hearing/speech problems
Lead (pb)
Oxygen failing to reach the blood, can result from a lack of oxygen in the environment or blockage or the external airways
Suffocation
Compression and closure of the blood vessels and air passages resulting from external pressure on the neck
Strangulation
Uncontrolled increase in body temperature that exceeds the body’s ability to lose heat
Hyperthermia
(Cramping if voluntary muscles) usually a result of vigorous exercise that causes a loss of salt and water due to sweat
Heat cramps
A life threatening condition associated with a high environmental temps and humidity
Heat stroke
Occurs in individuals with an inherited disorder of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum in response to anesthetics
Malignant hyperthermia
Where generations of cell derived from an irradiated progenitor cell appear normal but time-lethal (irreversible) and nonlethal mutations appear is distant progeny, sometimes called “vertical transmission”
Genomic instability
The Portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that interacts with the eye is called __________ _________. Includes wavelengths from UC light to infrared light.
Optical radiation
A perpendicular caring force
Compression
A stretching force
Tension
A twisting force
Torsion
The most common degenerative changes and caused by the shift of extra cellular water into cells
Cellular swelling
What is the active transport enzyme?
Adenosinetriphoshphatse (ATPase)
In hypoxia, reduced levels of ATP and ATPase allows ___________ into the cell and _____________ out of the cell.
Sodium
Potassium
Carbohydrates excess disorders are called?
Mucopolysaccharidoses
The accumulation of both lipids and carbs are called?
Mucolipidoses
Where is the most common place for intraclular lipid accumulation
Liver
Where are proteins synthesized?
Ribosomes
Where does melanin accumulate?
Epithelial cells (keratinocytes)
What stimulates the production of melanin?
UV Light
Melanin is synthesized by Epidermal cells called __________
Melanocytes
A condition with a decrease in melanin production
Albinism
A yellow-brown pigment derived from hemoglobin
Hemosiderin
Iron is stored in tissue cells in what two forms?
Ferrartin
Hemosiderin
A condition in which excess iron is stored as hemosiderin
Hemosiderosis
A normal yellow to green pigment of bile derived from the porphyrin structure of hemoglobin
Bilirubin
Jaundice occurs when bilirubin level exceeds ______ to _______ mg/dL
1.5 to 2
Name three conditions where you see hyperbilirubinemia
- Destruction of RBCs
- Diseases that affect metabolism and excretion of bilirubin in the liver
- Obstruction in common bile duct
What type of calcification is seen in TB, arteries of advanced atherosclerosis
Dystrophic calcification
__________ ___________ occurs in dying and deaf tissues in areas of necrosis
Dystrophic calcification
Consists of mineral deposits that occur in undamaged normal tissues as a result of hyper-calcification
Metastatic calcification
Characterized by rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction, and lack of typical features of apoptosis
Necrosis
Necrosis is the sum of cellular changes after local cell death and the process of cellular self-digestion, known as _________
Autolysis
What is nuclear dissolution and lysis is chromatin from the action of hydrolytic enzymes
Karyolysis
What is the nucleus shrinks and becomes small, dense mass of genetic material
Pyknosis
Occurs Primarily in the kidneys heart and adrenal gland commonly results from hypoxia caused by severe ischemia or hypoxia caused by chemical injury especially ingestion of mercuric chloride
Coagulation necrosis
____________ is caused by protein denaturation, which causes the protein albumin to change from a gelatinous, transparent state to a firm, opaque state
Coagulation
The area of coagulate of necrosis is called an _______
Infarct
___________ ___________ commonly results from ischemic injury to neurons and glial elks in the brain.
Liquefactive necrosis
_________ __________, which commonly results from tuberculosis pulmonary infection, is a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis
Caseous necrosis
Death of tissue and results from severe hypoxia injury, commonly occurring because of arteriosclerosis of major arteries especially in the lower leg
Gangrenous necrosis
Usually the result of coagulative necrosis
Dry gangrene
_______ _________ develops when neutrophils invade the site, causing liquefactive necrosis
Wet gangrene
An active process of cellular self destruction—called programmed cell death (type 1)—in both normal and pathological tissue changes
Apoptosis
Excessive accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER leads to a condition known as ________ ________ __________ which leads to _______ cell death.
Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER)
Apoptotic
Eating oneself
Autophagy
___________ _______ __________ (type II programmed cell death) is characterized by double or multiple membrane cytoplasmic vesicles engulfing bulk organelles
Autophagic cell death
The progressive loss of tissues and organs over time
Aging
The process of permanent proliferative arrest in cells in response to various stressors and may be an important contributor to aging and age-related disease.
Senescence
The loss of muscle mass and strength
Sarcopenia
The death of the entire person
Somatic death
Post Mortem reduction of body temperature
Algor mortis
Gravity causes blood to settle in the most dependent, or lowest tissues, which develop a purple discoloration called
Livor mortis
Putrefactive changes are associated with the release of enzymes and music dissolution called
Postmortem autolysis
