Chapter 3 Flashcards Pt.2 - Animal Ethics & Ethics Policies in Canada

Question 1

Similar to the TCPS 2 which supports the ethical practices of research involving humans, what policy supports the ethical practice of research involving animals?

Answer 1

Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC)

Question 2

What are the three R’s that CCAC have identified embedded within their various policy statements?

Answer 2

1. Replacement
2. Reduction
3. Refinement

It is the responsibility of researchers to ensure animals are only used when best efforts to identify an alternative have been explored

Question 3

What is replacement when it comes to the CCAC?

Answer 3

Methods to avoid or replace the use of animals in an area where animals would otherwise have been used

Question 4

What is Reduction when it comes to the CCAC?

Answer 4

Strategies that result in use of less animals

Question 5

What is Refinement when it comes to the CCAC

Answer 5

Modification of experimental procedures to minimize pain and distress

Question 6

What are biohazards and how do they relate to ethics?

Answer 6

Biohazards are organisms that could negatively influence another organism. Depending on where research takes place with biohazards, the researchers must adhere to ethical policies whether it is specific to the community or organization

Question 7

Explain what Conflicts of Interest are

Answer 7

Identifying study questions and purpose is the first phase of the research process but researchers need to consider the conflict of interest from question or purpose.

• Can occur with studies placing concflict with duties related to research, personal or institutional interests
• COI arise from: economic investments or interpersonal relationships with participants of the study

Question 8

Example of COI in the textbook

Answer 8

• Nancy Olivieri engaging in clinical trials to test a drug to treat people with blood disorders
• Noticed something wrong and the research ethics board (REB) told her to inform people of risks but the pharmacy company told her not to because that would violate their agreement
• She told the patients and this led to a long fought legal battle

• One COI is the interest of patients in which they had the right to know the risks associated
• Second COI, given concern of welfare, Olivieri had the right to inform the patients of risk
• Third COI, pharma company had interests in protecting its drug
• Fourth COI, REB had the right to know the risks of the study

University had the most COI because they wanted to conduct research that was ethical, known to all participants and sustaining opportunities for funding from the pharma company

Question 9

What is the Process of Consent?

Answer 9

Researchers ensure participants free informed and ongoing consent throughout the research process

TCPS 2 states:
* Consent shall be given voluntarily
* Consent can be withdrawn at any time
* If a participant withdraws consent, the participant can also request the withdrawal of their data or human biological materials

Question 10

How can the process of consent be compromised?

Answer 10

• Offering participants incentives
• Participants who do not fully understand the risks of the research (i.e. Children)

Question 11

What is privacy and confidentiality?

Answer 11

• Privacy is a person’s right to be free from intrusion by others
• Confidentiality - researcher’s obligation to safeguard entrusted info

Question 12

How does privacy and confidentiality work in a research context?

Answer 12

Respect for privacy requires researchers to treat participants personal info in a confidential manner.

Question 13

The dimensions of privacy include?

Answer 13

1. Sensitivity of information - name vs. religion vs IQ vs medical history)
2. Setting where data is collected - home vs. clinic
3. Dissemination the information - match personal info to the identity of the participant

Question 14

Safeguards in Research include Anonymity & Confidentiality. What are they?

Answer 14

Anonymity - Separate data from the individuals identity (Use codes if possible or just group the data)
Confidentiality - Only researchers should know individual paticipant details and not reveal results publicly

Question 15

Why is ethics key to consider when it comes to research with Indigenous peoples?

Answer 15

Many indigenous peoples in Canada, and globally are distrustful of research

• Nuu-Chah-nulth First Nations people had blood samples taken initially told that it was used for arthritis study but later found out it was used for something else

Question 16

Ethical policies with the Indigenous?

Answer 16

The Indigenous have their own ethics policies when it comes to guiding research conducted with members of their community

Question 17

Guiding Principles for Research Involving Indigenous Peoples include?

Answer 17

1. Community engagement is required
2. Researchers must recognize and engage Aboriginal/Indigenous Peoples organizations, and communities of interest as communities
3. A community engagement plan must be developed and provided to REB for review
4. Governing authorities of Indigenous must be respected
5. Research involving critical inquiry within Indigenous communities, may not require community engagement
6. Research using secondary data analysis (already published) is subject to research ethics review
7. Researchers must address issues of intellectual property, data interpretation and dissemination of results prior to commencement of research