Chapter 3 (Factors influencing health status) Flashcards
What is smoking?
practice in which a substance is burned and resulting smoke is inhaled to be tasted/absorbed into the bloodstream.
What is vaping?
2 points
relates to the use of e-cigarettes or ‘vapes’.
Vapes are battery-powered devices that use an element to turn a liquid into an aerosol, which is then inhaled into the lungs.
How might smoking contribute to developing cardiovascular disease?
2 points
Tobacco smoke reduces amount of oxygen in blood, contributing to increased blood pressure and heart rate.
speeds up process of atherosclerosis, increasing risk of heart attack and stroke.
How might smoking contribute to developing lung cancer?
2 points
Smoking can cause a fault in body cells as they divide.
This can lead to a tumour and, ultimately, cancer.
What is alcohol misuse?
Over period of time it can lead to…
relates to excessive consumption of alcohol, includes alcoholism and binge-drinking.
alcohol use disorder - disease characterised by ongoing risky alcohol consumption.
How might alcohol contribute to developing liver disease?
3 points
Alcohol is filtered through the liver.
Excessive consumption can cause inflammation+scarring of liver
tissue - can lead to liver not functioning properly+toxins remaining in the body.
Over time, can lead to chronic liver diseases (cirrhosis of the liver)
How might alcohol contribute to overweight+obesity?
3 points
Alcohol contains kilojoules and therefore energy, increasing chances of individual gaining weight.
Over period of time, alcohol use can contribute to person becoming o+o.
Obesity is a risk factor for range of other conditions (CVD).
How might alcohol contribute to injuries?
2 points
Those under influence of alcohol are more likely to act impulsively+take risks (drink driving+displaying aggression)
increases morbidity+mortality from injuries and violence.
What is overweight and obesity?
relates to carrying excess body weight that negatively impacts health and wellbeing.
How might o+o contribute to cardiovascular disease?
2 points
o+o usually means there is greater strain on heart, increasing risk of hypertension, heart attack and stroke.
o+o means cholesterol levels are elevated, increasing risk of cardiovascular disease.
How might o+o contribute to cancer?
(colorectal+breast cancer)
2 points
Fat cells send signals out to rest of body, can lead to inflammation and higher levels of growth hormone being released.
Both result in higher rate of cell division, increasing risk of one of these new cells being an abnormal, cancerous cell.
How might o+o contribute to type 2 diabetes?
Fat cells release type of fatty acid into the blood stream, thought to lead to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes
What is fibre?
2 points
type of carbohydrate required for optimal h+w.
travels through digestive system, promoting feelings of fullness and assists in keeping digestive tract clean by adding bulk to faeces.
What is soluble fibre?
examples?
absorbs water
oats, fruit+veg, barley
What is insoluble fibre?
examples?
does not absorb moisture
peels of fruit, nuts, wheat bran
How does low intake of fibre contribute to cardiovascular disease?
2 points
soluble fibre attaches to particles of LDL cholesterol and helps to excrete them.
Low intake has been shown to increase rate of cholesterol absorption and risk of cardiovascular disease.
How does low intake of fibre contribute to colorectal cancer?
2 points
Fibre adds bulk to faeces+assists in keeping the digestive system clean, reducing risk of abnormal cells developing in colon and rectum.
Low intake therefore associated with higher rates of morbidity+mortality from colorectal cancer, including bowel cancer.
What are fruit and vegetables high in?
Low in?
nutrient dense, high in minerals+vitamins, fibre, and antioxidants.
Low in kilojoules.
How does under-consumption of fruit+veg contribute to neural tube defects?
2 points
Nutrients in fruit+veg (folate) play significant role in development of the brain+spinal cord during prenatal stage of life span.
Under-consumption of fruit+veg before and during pregnancy increases risk of neural tube defects (spina bifida)
How does under-consumption of fruit+veg contribute to cardiovascular disease+cancer?
antioxidants in fruit+veg target free radicals and eliminate them from body
Under-consumption of fruit+veg often means antioxidant consumption is low, increasing prevalence of CVD+cancer
What are dairy foods?
2 examples
relate to animal milk and products created from animal milk
cheese and yoghurt
How does under-consumption of dairy foods contribute to osteoporosis?
2 points
Leads to lack of calcium (mineral essential for range of functions, including strengthening bones)
results in weakening of bones, increasing risk of osteoporosis
How does under-consumption of dairy foods contribute to dental caries?
2 points
Calcium plays significant role in hardening of tooth enamel
underconsumption means teeth are not as strong as they could be, increasing risk of dental caries.
Healthy fats?
Unhealthy fats?
monounsaturated and polyunsaturated (beneficial for heart health)
saturated and trans (increase cholesterol)
