Chapter 3 - Exercise Physiology (Paper 2) Flashcards
Injuries can occur to what?
- Muscles
- Bones
- Joints
- Tendons
- Ligaments
What are the two most common places for injury?
Ankles and knees
What are some causes of injury?
- Inadequate preparation
- Poor equipment
- Poor technique
- Overloading to soon
- Collision or fall in competition
What are the two types of sport injuries?
Acute and chronic
What are chronic injuries often known as?
Over-use injuries
What are acute injuries?
A sudden injury caused by a specific impact or traumatic event where a sharp pain is felt immediately.
What are chronic injuries?
A chronic injury occurs after playing sport or exercise for a long time. They are often referred to as over-use injuries.
What are the signs that someone is suffering acute injuries?
- Sudden, severe pain
- Swelling around the injured site
- Not being able to bear weight
- Restricted movement
- Extreme leg or arm weakness
- A protruding bone or a joint that is visibly out of place.
What is a fracture?
A break or a crack in a bone is a fracture.
What are the different types of fractures?
- Simple or closed
- Compound or open
What is a simple or closed fracture?
It is a clean break to a bone that doesn’t penetrate through the skin or damage any surrounding tissue.
What is a compound or open fracture?
A compound or open fracture is when the soft tissue or skin has been damaged.
Which fracture is worse?
Compound or open because there is a higher risk of infection.
What are dislocations?
These occur at joints and are very painful. It happens when the ends of bones are forced out of position.
What are strains?
A strain occurs when the muscles fibres are stretched too far and tear.
What are strains also called?
Pulled or torn muscles.
When do strains tend to occur?
Where a performer continually accelerates and decelerates suddenly. They also occur in elite athletes because the intensity of their training is high and they overuse muscle groups.
What are sprains?
Sprains occur to ligaments when excessive force is applied to a joint, a sprain can occur where the ligaments is stretched too far or tears.
What is the difference between strains and sprains?
Strains occur to the muscle fibres whereas sprains occur to the ligaments. Nevertheless, they are both caused by being stretched too far and tearing.
What is the most common sprain?
The ankle sprain
What are the two types of ankle sprains?
The inversion where the lateral ligament is sprained and the eversion where the medial ligament is sprained.
What are the acute injuries?
- Fractures
- Dislocations
- Strains
- Sprains
What are the signs someone is suffering a chronic injury?
- Pain when you compete or exercise
- A dull ache when you rest
- Swelling
What are ligaments?
Strong bands of tissue around joints that join bone to bone.
What are tendons?
Tendons connect muscles to bone and are strong bands of tissue. When muscles contract they help move the bones and joints.
What is tendonitis?
Tendonitis is an over-use injury that causes pain and inflammation of the tendon.
What is Achilles tendonitis?
The Achilles tendon is located at the back of the ankle and is the largest tendon in the body. It connects the gastrocnemius to the heel bone and is used for walking, running and jumping, so when we do a lot of regular activity it can be prone to tendonitis.
What is a stress fracture?
A stress fracture is an over-use injury where the area becomes tender and swollen.
Where do stress fractures most commonly occur and why?
They most commonly occur in the weight bearing bones of the legs, often when there is an increase in the amount of exercise or the intensity of an activities is increased too quickly. It happens when the muscles become fatigued so they are no longer able to absorb the added shock of exercise. The fatigued muscle eventually transfers the stress overload to bone and the result is a tiny crack called a stress fracture.
What is lateral epicondylitis?
The medical term for tennis elbow.
What is tennis elbow?
Tennis elbow is an over-use injury and occurs in the muscles attached to the elbow that are used to straighten the wrist. The muscles and tendons become inflamed and tiny tears occur on the outside of the elbow. The area becomes very sore and tender.
What is the medical term of tennis elbow?
Lateral epicondylitis
How can tennis elbow be caused?
Any activity that places repeated stress on the elbow can cause tennis elbow.
Name injury prevention methods?
- Screening
- protective equipment
- Warm-up
- Flexibility training
- Taping and bracing
What is screening?
Screening can be used to identify those at risk of complications from exercise, prepare performers for their sport, enhance performance and reduce injury.
Give an example of a form screening used by athletes?
CRY heart screening.CRY stands for ‘Cardiac risk in the young’
What does ECG stand for?
Stands for electrocardiogram machine where electrodes are placed onto the player’s chest and the wires connect to an ECG machine and a printout is produced of the heart’s electrical activity.
How can screening be used to prevent injuries?
This involves assessing muscle imbalances, core strength, range of joint movement, postural alignment and mobility. If any problems are detected, a conditioner can select a specific training programme for improvement thus reducing the chance of a potential injury while at the same time enhancing performance.