Chapter 2 - Information Processing (Paper 1) Flashcards
What is information processing?
The methods by which data from the environment are collected and utilised.
What is the input stage?
Information picked up by the senses.
What is the display?
The sporting environment.
What are the three parts of information processing in order?
Input -> Decision making -> Output
List parts of the display.
Examples include:
- Conditions of the pitch
- opposition
- court
- crowd
- ball
- officials
- team mates
What are receptor systems?
The senses that pick up information from the display.
List the senses used in sport.
- Sight (or vision)
- Auditory sense (hearing)
- Touch
- Balance
- Kinesthesis
What is the first sense used in sport?
Sight
What is the second sense used in sport?
Auditory sense
The two senses, hearing and sight, are described as being … senses. Why?
External senses as information is collected from the environment.
What are internal senses known as?
Proprioceptors
What are proprioceptors?
The senses that provide internal information from within the body.
What are the three proprioceptors/internal senses?
- Touch
- Balance
- Kinesthesis
What is kinesthesis?
The inner sense that gives information about body position and muscular tension.
What is the sense balance also known as?
Equilibrium
What happens during the decision making stage? What is important in making a decision?
At this point the performer must make a decision based on all the information collected by senses. In order to make the decision, the process of selective attention and the use of the memory systems are really important.
What is selective attention?
Filtering relevant information from irrelevant information.
What is the difficult part of decision making?
The difficulty in this part of the process lies in the fact that the performer can receive a host of information from the five senses and yet needs to make their decision based only on the important aspects of that information.
How can selective attention be developed?
- Sports performers can enhance the process of selective attention by learning to focus and concentrate on important information, getting used to the idea of a stimulus. If this stimulus is made more intense, loud or bright when the performer is training, it will help to develop the art of concentration.
- Selective attention could also be developed through improved motivation. Coach and player could enhance motivation by using rewards such as positive comments, and once motivation is increased, the performer becomes more alert to the important information.
- Mental practice can help the process of selective attention when the performer runs through the upcoming task in the mind before the movement starts.
What is stimuli?
The important and relevant items of information from the display such as the flight of the ball.
What are the benefits of selective attention?
- Improves reaction time significantly
- Focusing on the relevant information improves the chances of making a correct decision.
- By ignoring irrelevant information, a player may be able to concentrate on more detailed aspects of the task.
- Working memory has a limited capacity and too much information could affect the memory function therefore selective attention helps the decision making process.
What is perception?
The process of coding and interpreting sensory information.
What are translatory mechanisms?
Adapting and comparing coded information to memory so that decisions can be made.
What is a effector mechanism?
The network of nerves that sends coded impulses to the muscles.
What are the three aspects of the perceptual stage of information processing?
Detection, comparison and recognition (DCR)
What is the detection stage of information processing?
The performer has picked up the relevant information and identified that information as important, using the senses and the process of selective attention.
What is the comparison stage of information processing?
The comparison aspect of information processing involves trying to match the information identified as important to information already in the memory of the performer.
What is the recognition stage of information processing?
Recognition means that the performer has used information from the memory to identify an appropriate response which can be put to action.
Why is the translatory mechanism important and helpful?
The translatory mechanism helps to convert information so that decisions can be made. If you translate a language you would convert an unfamiliar language into one that you know. The same applies here, but in sporting terms the information from the senses, once it has been filtered, is then adapted into an image that can be sent to the memory for comparison.
What does the translatory mechanism use?
The translatory mechanism uses past experiences so that information received can be linked with these past experiences and sent to the memory system. The translatory mechanism uses coded information from the perceptual process to pick out an appropriate motor programme.
How are actions stored in the memory?
They are stored in the form of motor programmes.
How do the muscles receive the information to cause an output?
The muscles will receive the information in the form of coded impulses and once this impulse is received, then the muscles will contract and the response can begin.
What is feedback?
It is the information used during or after the response to aid movement correction.
What is the order of the features of the information-processing models?
- Environment
- Display
- Receptor system
- Perceptual mechanism
- Translatory mechanism
- Effector mechanism
- Muscular system
- Output data
- Feedback data
During information processing what is the importance of the environment?
It contains the information needed to perform.
What is the working memory?
It performs a number of functions and consists of a control centre called the central executive.
What is the central executive?
The control centre of the working memory model, it uses three other ‘systems’ to control all the information moving in and out of the memory system.
What is the phonological loop?
Deals with auditory information from the senses and helps produce the memory trace.